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<p>Chromium (Cr) contamination in agricultural soils poses a critical challenge to sustainable agriculture, severely hindering plant growth and physiology. This study evaluated the efficacy of biochar (BC; at 2% <i>w/w</i>) and brassinolide, a plant growth regulator (PGR; at 10 µM foliar spray), as remediation techniques, both separately and in combination, to mitigate the detrimental effects of Cr (100 and 300 µM) on <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. Exposure to Cr severely inhibited plant growth, resulting in a reduction in shoot and root length by 9–50%, while photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) decreased by about 18–20%. These effects were accompanied by considerable oxidative stress, indicated by a 44–128% increase observed in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a 9% rise in lipid peroxidation. The utilization of BC and/or PGR provided significant protection against Cr stress. BC primarily trapped metal ions inside its porous structure, hence reduced Cr bioavailability, uptake, and accumulation through soil-mediated immobilization. Secondarily, for the Cr ions that penetrated the roots, BC enhanced their translocation to the shoot system, thereby protecting the rhizosphere for water and mineral absorption. The foliar application of PGR effectively detoxified the translocated Cr, as demonstrated by improved photosynthetic performance and activation of the antioxidant defense system. Therefore, the combined application of BC and PGR proved most effective in alleviating Cr stress by producing a synergistic response that exceeded the effects of either treatment alone. This hybrid approach increased shoot and root dry weights by 183% and 209%, respectively, while ROS levels and lipid peroxidation decreased significantly. These improvements were associated with restoration of photosynthesis and strong upregulation of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolism of the plant. The results indicated a coordinated hormonal and BC-mediated modulation of redox balance under Cr stress. Multivariate analyses confirmed the process, as the PGR-influenced plant traits clustered with the upregulated antioxidant system, whereas BC-mediated effects aligned with the reduced plant Cr load. Overall, the findings demonstrate that PGR enhances intrinsic stress tolerance mechanisms in wheat, and when coupled with BC-mediated Cr immobilization, establishes an integrated growth regulation strategy for improving plant performance under heavy metal stress. This integrated approach provides a sustainable and eco-friendly option for restoring contaminated soils and improving crop resilience under heavy metal stress, with significant ramifications for phytoremediation and environmental restoration.</p>

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Improvement in Cr Stress Tolerance of Triticum aestivum by a Hybrid Model Involving Biochar and Brassinolide

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Ipsa Gupta,
  • Rishikesh Singh,
  • Kavita Sharma,
  • Anupama Kaushik,
  • Harminder Pal Singh,
  • Daizy R. Batish

摘要

Chromium (Cr) contamination in agricultural soils poses a critical challenge to sustainable agriculture, severely hindering plant growth and physiology. This study evaluated the efficacy of biochar (BC; at 2% w/w) and brassinolide, a plant growth regulator (PGR; at 10 µM foliar spray), as remediation techniques, both separately and in combination, to mitigate the detrimental effects of Cr (100 and 300 µM) on Triticum aestivum L. Exposure to Cr severely inhibited plant growth, resulting in a reduction in shoot and root length by 9–50%, while photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) decreased by about 18–20%. These effects were accompanied by considerable oxidative stress, indicated by a 44–128% increase observed in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a 9% rise in lipid peroxidation. The utilization of BC and/or PGR provided significant protection against Cr stress. BC primarily trapped metal ions inside its porous structure, hence reduced Cr bioavailability, uptake, and accumulation through soil-mediated immobilization. Secondarily, for the Cr ions that penetrated the roots, BC enhanced their translocation to the shoot system, thereby protecting the rhizosphere for water and mineral absorption. The foliar application of PGR effectively detoxified the translocated Cr, as demonstrated by improved photosynthetic performance and activation of the antioxidant defense system. Therefore, the combined application of BC and PGR proved most effective in alleviating Cr stress by producing a synergistic response that exceeded the effects of either treatment alone. This hybrid approach increased shoot and root dry weights by 183% and 209%, respectively, while ROS levels and lipid peroxidation decreased significantly. These improvements were associated with restoration of photosynthesis and strong upregulation of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolism of the plant. The results indicated a coordinated hormonal and BC-mediated modulation of redox balance under Cr stress. Multivariate analyses confirmed the process, as the PGR-influenced plant traits clustered with the upregulated antioxidant system, whereas BC-mediated effects aligned with the reduced plant Cr load. Overall, the findings demonstrate that PGR enhances intrinsic stress tolerance mechanisms in wheat, and when coupled with BC-mediated Cr immobilization, establishes an integrated growth regulation strategy for improving plant performance under heavy metal stress. This integrated approach provides a sustainable and eco-friendly option for restoring contaminated soils and improving crop resilience under heavy metal stress, with significant ramifications for phytoremediation and environmental restoration.