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<p>Red and blue lights are absorbed by chlorophyll and trigger physiological processes, including photomorphogenesis and phototropism, which influence plant growth, anthocyanin production, and morphology. The objective of this study was to investigate how different ratios of red and blue light affect growth, morphology, and anthocyanin content of red leaf lettuce in a plant factory, where controlled spectral composition strongly influences nutritional quality; these effects may differ under open-field conditions due to variations in natural sunlight spectrum. Five treatments were established by adjusting red (peak wavelength 660&#xa0;nm) and blue light (peak wavelength 450&#xa0;nm) ratios of 6:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:6, denoted as R<sub>6</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>3</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>1</sub>B3, and R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, with a total photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 µmol m − 2&#xa0;s − 1. Plant biometric, morphological, and nutritional quality parameters were measured on day 19 and day 27 after transplanting. At the final harvest (day 27), fresh and dry weights, leaf length, and leaf area were highest under R<sub>6</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, increasing by 172.7%, 105.8%, 55.4%, and 121.4%, respectively, compared with R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>6</sub>. No significant differences were observed in stem length, photosynthetic rate, or stomatal conductance, while water use efficiency and stomatal aperture were highest under R<sub>6</sub>B<sub>1</sub>. Anthocyanin and nitrate contents were highest under R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>6</sub>, increasing by 155.5% and 58.3%, respectively, compared with R<sub>6</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, while sugar concentration increased under higher red-light treatments (R<sub>6</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>3</sub>B<sub>1</sub>). Carotenoid content was highest under R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub>, with a 140.1% increase over R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>6</sub>. Measurements at day 19 showed similar trends, though with smaller differences among treatments. These results indicate that higher red light promotes biomass accumulation, while higher blue light enhances anthocyanin content and nutritional quality. Treatment R<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub> may represent a balanced red: blue ratio that optimizes both growth and nutritional quality in controlled environments, providing insights for potential optimization under open-field cultivation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Red–Blue LED Ratios Regulate Vegetative Growth, Photosynthetic Performance, and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. ‘Lolla Rossa’) under Controlled Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Hadiqa Anum,
  • Xiaokai Liang,
  • Rui-feng Cheng,
  • Yu-xin Tong

摘要

Red and blue lights are absorbed by chlorophyll and trigger physiological processes, including photomorphogenesis and phototropism, which influence plant growth, anthocyanin production, and morphology. The objective of this study was to investigate how different ratios of red and blue light affect growth, morphology, and anthocyanin content of red leaf lettuce in a plant factory, where controlled spectral composition strongly influences nutritional quality; these effects may differ under open-field conditions due to variations in natural sunlight spectrum. Five treatments were established by adjusting red (peak wavelength 660 nm) and blue light (peak wavelength 450 nm) ratios of 6:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:6, denoted as R6B1, R3B1, R1B1, R1B3, and R1B6, with a total photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 µmol m − 2 s − 1. Plant biometric, morphological, and nutritional quality parameters were measured on day 19 and day 27 after transplanting. At the final harvest (day 27), fresh and dry weights, leaf length, and leaf area were highest under R6B1, increasing by 172.7%, 105.8%, 55.4%, and 121.4%, respectively, compared with R1B6. No significant differences were observed in stem length, photosynthetic rate, or stomatal conductance, while water use efficiency and stomatal aperture were highest under R6B1. Anthocyanin and nitrate contents were highest under R1B6, increasing by 155.5% and 58.3%, respectively, compared with R6B1, while sugar concentration increased under higher red-light treatments (R6B1, R3B1). Carotenoid content was highest under R1B1, with a 140.1% increase over R1B6. Measurements at day 19 showed similar trends, though with smaller differences among treatments. These results indicate that higher red light promotes biomass accumulation, while higher blue light enhances anthocyanin content and nutritional quality. Treatment R1B1 may represent a balanced red: blue ratio that optimizes both growth and nutritional quality in controlled environments, providing insights for potential optimization under open-field cultivation.

Graphical Abstract