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<p>Drought stress represents a significant limit to wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) development and productivity. The aim of the current research was to assess the impacts of the endophytic fungus <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> CM022 as a potential drought ameliorator under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Drought stress was applied using polyethylene glycol (PEG; 0, 5, 10 and 15%) in vitro, and field capacity (FC; 100, 50, 75 and 25%) in greenhouse studies. Seeds treated with endophytes in vitro under PEG conditions resulted in observed stem and root length increases of 49 and 105%, respectively, as well as fresh and dry leaf biomass increases of 27.93 and 48.21% relative to non-inoculated seeds. <i>P. chrysogenum</i> CM022 markedly boosted wheat seed germination performance by maximizing GP (up to 100%), accelerating MGT, enhancing MDG and germination rate under severe drought, and ultimately increasing the vigor index by nearly 92%. Under greenhouse conditions at 25% FC, CM022-inoculated plants showed substantial improvements compared to non-inoculated plants, including increases in shoot and root length (55.55% and 62.83%, respectively), fresh and dry leaf biomass (38.67% and 94.82%, respectively), and a 74.33% enhancement in relative water content. The inoculation of CM022 under 25% drought stress resulted in increases in pigment accumulation with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids increased at 19.85%, 16.81%, and 33.33% respectively compared to non-inoculated plants under 25% drought stress. In plants inoculated with CM022 there was an increase in DPPH (42.79%), total phenols (159.48%), flavonoids (111.84%), anthocyanins (135.44%), and proline (42.49%) along with a decrease of H₂O₂ (30.89%) with 25% drought stress compared to control. The activities of CAT, PPO, POD, and APX, in CM022-inoculated plants under 25% drought stress, compared to control plants, exhibited increases of 34.91%, 37.35%, 53.87%, and 36.52%, respectively. These results indicate that <i>P. chrysogenum</i> CM022 stimulates wheat germination and biomass while modulating key physiological and biochemical drought response pathways. The results further suggest it has great promise as a bioprotective agent for sustainable agriculture under climate change .</p>

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Penicillium chrysogenum CM022: A Potent Fungal Endophyte Enhancing Wheat Drought Resilience through Plant Stress Mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Soheila Aghaei Dargiri,
  • Shahram Naeimi

摘要

Drought stress represents a significant limit to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) development and productivity. The aim of the current research was to assess the impacts of the endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum CM022 as a potential drought ameliorator under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Drought stress was applied using polyethylene glycol (PEG; 0, 5, 10 and 15%) in vitro, and field capacity (FC; 100, 50, 75 and 25%) in greenhouse studies. Seeds treated with endophytes in vitro under PEG conditions resulted in observed stem and root length increases of 49 and 105%, respectively, as well as fresh and dry leaf biomass increases of 27.93 and 48.21% relative to non-inoculated seeds. P. chrysogenum CM022 markedly boosted wheat seed germination performance by maximizing GP (up to 100%), accelerating MGT, enhancing MDG and germination rate under severe drought, and ultimately increasing the vigor index by nearly 92%. Under greenhouse conditions at 25% FC, CM022-inoculated plants showed substantial improvements compared to non-inoculated plants, including increases in shoot and root length (55.55% and 62.83%, respectively), fresh and dry leaf biomass (38.67% and 94.82%, respectively), and a 74.33% enhancement in relative water content. The inoculation of CM022 under 25% drought stress resulted in increases in pigment accumulation with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids increased at 19.85%, 16.81%, and 33.33% respectively compared to non-inoculated plants under 25% drought stress. In plants inoculated with CM022 there was an increase in DPPH (42.79%), total phenols (159.48%), flavonoids (111.84%), anthocyanins (135.44%), and proline (42.49%) along with a decrease of H₂O₂ (30.89%) with 25% drought stress compared to control. The activities of CAT, PPO, POD, and APX, in CM022-inoculated plants under 25% drought stress, compared to control plants, exhibited increases of 34.91%, 37.35%, 53.87%, and 36.52%, respectively. These results indicate that P. chrysogenum CM022 stimulates wheat germination and biomass while modulating key physiological and biochemical drought response pathways. The results further suggest it has great promise as a bioprotective agent for sustainable agriculture under climate change .