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<p>Plants use Ethylene (ET) and Polyamine (PA) as major molecules to operate their complex communication pathways which allow them to interact with microbes. As a gas hormone ET controls plant growth steps while it regulates stress reactions and allows both harmful and helpful microbial interactions. Plant immune responses together with symbiotic relationships between rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi are affected by ET production through the work of <i>1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase</i> (<i>ACS</i>) and <i>ACC oxidase</i> (<i>ACO</i>) enzymes which precisely control this process. The key players in the regulation of plant growth, development, and response to stresses, ET and PA, act both in parallel and overlapping, but it is understood that they control the development of a plant and their response to a stress factor. ET is produced in the conversion of methionine through deposition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) which is also used in the formation of PA thus leading to metabolic conflict between the two. Recent studies have shown microbial effects on plant ET and PA biosynthetic pathways, but the dynamic regulation of SAM partitioning between these pathways and the pathway of how microbes alter PA signaling is not well understood. ET and PA form a tightly controlled system of signaling, whereby they regulate plant development and competency in response to stresses but also the intricate relationships that are present between plants and microbe communities that underscores their central importance in plant health and plant adaptation. These function as signals that regulate how microbes and plants encounter one another specifically during abiotic stress situations. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) microbes as well as other PA-producing microbes affect plant hormone balance while improving resource exchange and activating disease deflection mechanisms. The effects these compounds have on the relationship dynamics between beneficial and harmful microorganisms in plants. This review summarizes the recent developments concerning biosynthesis, signalling and functional interaction of ET and PAs during plant microbe interactions with a particular focus on how these interactions are coordinated and whether they play a role in regulating plant immunity and symbiosis.</p>

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Regulation of Ethylene and Polyamine during Plant Microbe Interactions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Aishmita Gantait,
  • Sam A. Masih,
  • Ann Maxton

摘要

Plants use Ethylene (ET) and Polyamine (PA) as major molecules to operate their complex communication pathways which allow them to interact with microbes. As a gas hormone ET controls plant growth steps while it regulates stress reactions and allows both harmful and helpful microbial interactions. Plant immune responses together with symbiotic relationships between rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi are affected by ET production through the work of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) enzymes which precisely control this process. The key players in the regulation of plant growth, development, and response to stresses, ET and PA, act both in parallel and overlapping, but it is understood that they control the development of a plant and their response to a stress factor. ET is produced in the conversion of methionine through deposition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) which is also used in the formation of PA thus leading to metabolic conflict between the two. Recent studies have shown microbial effects on plant ET and PA biosynthetic pathways, but the dynamic regulation of SAM partitioning between these pathways and the pathway of how microbes alter PA signaling is not well understood. ET and PA form a tightly controlled system of signaling, whereby they regulate plant development and competency in response to stresses but also the intricate relationships that are present between plants and microbe communities that underscores their central importance in plant health and plant adaptation. These function as signals that regulate how microbes and plants encounter one another specifically during abiotic stress situations. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) microbes as well as other PA-producing microbes affect plant hormone balance while improving resource exchange and activating disease deflection mechanisms. The effects these compounds have on the relationship dynamics between beneficial and harmful microorganisms in plants. This review summarizes the recent developments concerning biosynthesis, signalling and functional interaction of ET and PAs during plant microbe interactions with a particular focus on how these interactions are coordinated and whether they play a role in regulating plant immunity and symbiosis.