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<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological and agronomic characteristics and the root morphology of maize inoculated or co-inoculated with rhizobacteria at various irrigation depths (line-source) in the field. The depths were imposed from stage V5 and continuously until the end of the cycle. The experiment was carried out in the field with seven inoculant treatments: control (no inoculation), <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>, <i>Bacillus safensis</i> and <i>Bacillus pumilus</i> (BSBP), <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> (BSBM), <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> + BSBP., <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> + BSBM, and BSBP + BSBM, and three irrigation management methods: full irrigation depth (566&#xa0;mm), suboptimal irrigation depth (423&#xa0;mm), and irrigation depth with water deficit (150&#xa0;mm), with four replicates. Stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency, relative chlorophyll content, leaf area, production components, chemical composition of dry biomass, and root morphology were evaluated. Most inoculations or co-inoculations positively affect plant morphophysiology with a reduction in irrigation depth, but this effect is not reflected in production gains. However, co-inoculation with <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> (BSBP) was the most efficient at mitigating severe water deficit in maize because it increased stomatal conductance, root angulation, and the harvest index. Rhizobacteria have proven to constitute an ecologically correct strategy that favors root development, with the aim of mitigating the effects of water deficit in maize plants.</p>

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Bacillus Co-inoculation Improves the Stomatal Conductance, Root Angulation, and Harvest Index of Maize Under Water Deficit in a Line-Source Irrigation System

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Diego Dias Rafael,
  • Daniele Maria Marques,
  • Isabel Regina Prazeres de Souza,
  • Paulo César Magalhães,
  • Camilo de Lelis Teixeira de Andrade,
  • Ivanildo Evódio Marriel,
  • Thiago Teixeira Santos,
  • Maria Lúcia Ferreira Simeone,
  • Thiago Corrêa de Souza

摘要

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological and agronomic characteristics and the root morphology of maize inoculated or co-inoculated with rhizobacteria at various irrigation depths (line-source) in the field. The depths were imposed from stage V5 and continuously until the end of the cycle. The experiment was carried out in the field with seven inoculant treatments: control (no inoculation), Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus safensis and Bacillus pumilus (BSBP), Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium (BSBM), Azospirillum brasilense + BSBP., Azospirillum brasilense + BSBM, and BSBP + BSBM, and three irrigation management methods: full irrigation depth (566 mm), suboptimal irrigation depth (423 mm), and irrigation depth with water deficit (150 mm), with four replicates. Stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency, relative chlorophyll content, leaf area, production components, chemical composition of dry biomass, and root morphology were evaluated. Most inoculations or co-inoculations positively affect plant morphophysiology with a reduction in irrigation depth, but this effect is not reflected in production gains. However, co-inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium (BSBP) was the most efficient at mitigating severe water deficit in maize because it increased stomatal conductance, root angulation, and the harvest index. Rhizobacteria have proven to constitute an ecologically correct strategy that favors root development, with the aim of mitigating the effects of water deficit in maize plants.