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<p>One of the most important macronutrients for plant growth, development, and stress responses is sulfur (S). From its absorption and assimilation to its vital functions in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, this review examines the path of sulfur in plants. Sulfate (SO₄<sup>2</sup>⁻), which is mostly taken up from the soil by specialized transporters, is then incorporated into important biomolecules including glutathione, cysteine, and methionine. For plants to survive environmental challenges including drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, these sulfur-containing chemicals are essential for protein synthesis, enzyme activity, and antioxidant defense. The production of secondary metabolites like glucosinolates and alliins, which strengthen plants’ defenses against infections and herbivores, is another function of sulfur. Through the integration of knowledge from environmental science, molecular biology, and plant physiology, this review highlights the ecological and agricultural importance of sulfur. It ends with future directions for increasing the efficiency of sulfur usage through precision agriculture, sustainable fertilizing techniques, and genetic engineering, providing creative answers for boosting crop resilience and global food security in the face of climate change.</p>

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The Sulfur Saga in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Hossam S. El-Beltagi,
  • Mohamed Abdel-Haleem,
  • Mohammed Hanafy,
  • Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail,
  • Wael Elmenofy,
  • Emad Hamdy Khedr

摘要

One of the most important macronutrients for plant growth, development, and stress responses is sulfur (S). From its absorption and assimilation to its vital functions in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, this review examines the path of sulfur in plants. Sulfate (SO₄2⁻), which is mostly taken up from the soil by specialized transporters, is then incorporated into important biomolecules including glutathione, cysteine, and methionine. For plants to survive environmental challenges including drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, these sulfur-containing chemicals are essential for protein synthesis, enzyme activity, and antioxidant defense. The production of secondary metabolites like glucosinolates and alliins, which strengthen plants’ defenses against infections and herbivores, is another function of sulfur. Through the integration of knowledge from environmental science, molecular biology, and plant physiology, this review highlights the ecological and agricultural importance of sulfur. It ends with future directions for increasing the efficiency of sulfur usage through precision agriculture, sustainable fertilizing techniques, and genetic engineering, providing creative answers for boosting crop resilience and global food security in the face of climate change.