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<p>The objectives of this study were to: (i) to determine the effect of biochar at different irrigation levels on yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, soil water content, water productivity (WP) and irrigation water efficiency (IWP) of silage maize grown under drip irrigation in the semi-arid Central Anatolia region of Türkiye, ii) to analyse the physiological response of silage maize to biochar at different irrigation levels by periodic measurements of crop water stress index (CWSI), leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll (SPAD) during the growing season. Applications consisted of four biochar doses (0-10-20-30 t ha⁻¹) and four irrigation levels. Irrigation levels were defined as follows: I100: irrigation to 0–60&#xa0;cm soil depth replacing the entire moisture deficit when 30 ± 5% of available water was consumed; I75: 75% of the water supplied to I100; I50: 50% of the water supplied to I100; and I0: rainfed control (no irrigation). In 2021 and 2022, the highest mean maize dry matter yield (34647.5&#xa0;kg ha<sup>− 1</sup>) was obtained from the full water (I100) with 30 t ha<sup>− 1</sup> biochar while the lowest mean maize dry matter yield (9087.9&#xa0;kg ha<sup>− 1</sup>) was obtained from the rainfed (non-irrigated, I0) without biochar. Biochar application to the soil alleviated the negative effects of water stress. WP and IWP increased with increasing doses of biochar to the soil. Biochar application reduced seasonal mean CWSI across all irrigation levels; values declined from 0.26 to 0.20 under I100, from 0.37 to 0.30 under I75, from 0.57 to 0.49 under I50, and from 0.88 to 0.78 under I0, indicating improved plant water status with increasing biochar dose. Mean LWP varied between − 1.14 and − 1.70&#xa0;MPa in I100, -1.43 and − 2.03&#xa0;MPa in I75, -1.67 and − 2.38&#xa0;MPa in I50, -2.70 and − 3.46&#xa0;MPa in I0. As a result, in silage maize cultivation in the Anatolia region of Türkiye, the application of biochar obtained from a mixture of paddy stalks and maize waste pyrolyzed at 400&#xa0;°C to the soil at a rate of 20 t ha⁻¹ with 25% water restriction (I75B2) is recommended. This application provided a mean water saving of 29.8% compared to full irrigation without biochar (I100B0), and 8.3% compared to 25% water deficit without biochar (I75B0). A net profit of US$ 2.506 per hectare was obtained from the recommended I75B2 treatment.</p>

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Physiological Responses of Silage Maize To Drip Irrigation Regimes and Biochar Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Zeynep Demir

摘要

The objectives of this study were to: (i) to determine the effect of biochar at different irrigation levels on yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, soil water content, water productivity (WP) and irrigation water efficiency (IWP) of silage maize grown under drip irrigation in the semi-arid Central Anatolia region of Türkiye, ii) to analyse the physiological response of silage maize to biochar at different irrigation levels by periodic measurements of crop water stress index (CWSI), leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll (SPAD) during the growing season. Applications consisted of four biochar doses (0-10-20-30 t ha⁻¹) and four irrigation levels. Irrigation levels were defined as follows: I100: irrigation to 0–60 cm soil depth replacing the entire moisture deficit when 30 ± 5% of available water was consumed; I75: 75% of the water supplied to I100; I50: 50% of the water supplied to I100; and I0: rainfed control (no irrigation). In 2021 and 2022, the highest mean maize dry matter yield (34647.5 kg ha− 1) was obtained from the full water (I100) with 30 t ha− 1 biochar while the lowest mean maize dry matter yield (9087.9 kg ha− 1) was obtained from the rainfed (non-irrigated, I0) without biochar. Biochar application to the soil alleviated the negative effects of water stress. WP and IWP increased with increasing doses of biochar to the soil. Biochar application reduced seasonal mean CWSI across all irrigation levels; values declined from 0.26 to 0.20 under I100, from 0.37 to 0.30 under I75, from 0.57 to 0.49 under I50, and from 0.88 to 0.78 under I0, indicating improved plant water status with increasing biochar dose. Mean LWP varied between − 1.14 and − 1.70 MPa in I100, -1.43 and − 2.03 MPa in I75, -1.67 and − 2.38 MPa in I50, -2.70 and − 3.46 MPa in I0. As a result, in silage maize cultivation in the Anatolia region of Türkiye, the application of biochar obtained from a mixture of paddy stalks and maize waste pyrolyzed at 400 °C to the soil at a rate of 20 t ha⁻¹ with 25% water restriction (I75B2) is recommended. This application provided a mean water saving of 29.8% compared to full irrigation without biochar (I100B0), and 8.3% compared to 25% water deficit without biochar (I75B0). A net profit of US$ 2.506 per hectare was obtained from the recommended I75B2 treatment.