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<p>Salinity stress severely constrains tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) productivity by impairing water and nutrient uptake, inducing generating oxidative stress, and disrupting physiological functions. This study evaluated the effects of dual inoculation with <i>P.fluorescens</i> and <i>A.lipoferum</i> as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on tomato growth, biochemical responses, and antioxidant defenses under three field capacities (100%, 75%, and 50%). Dual inoculation significantly enhanced chlorophyll content up to (2.613&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ FW), carotenoid content (0.252&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ FW), and vitamin C accumulation up to (15.43&#xa0;mg 100&#xa0;g<sup>− 1</sup>) FW under severe stress. Co-inoculated plants also accumulated the highest proline, soluble sugar, and total phenolic contents, indicating improved osmoprotection and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, dual inoculation reduce ethylene production (by 44% at 50% FC), reduced H₂O₂ (from 16.00 to 9.96 µmol g⁻¹ FW), and lowered Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, suggesting thereby mitigating of oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were significantly elevated, peaking at 2.86, 9.03, and 0.204 units, respectively. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K, and Fe) was also enhanced, with nitrogen reaching up to 33.43&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ leaf. Importantly, fruit yield was significantly improved: dual inoculation achieved the highest yield at 100% FC (3.45 vs. 3.05&#xa0;kg plant<sup>− 1</sup> in control), maintained highest yield at 70% FC (3.10 vs. 2.45&#xa0;kg plant<sup>− 1</sup>), and mitigated losses under 50% FC (2.00 vs. 1.69&#xa0;kg plant<sup>− 1</sup>). Overall the combined application of the <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>A. lipoferum</i> improved tomato resilience and productivity under saline stress through multiple synergistic mechanisms. </p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced Growth and Stress Tolerance in Tomato Through Combined Inoculation with Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Azospirillum Lipoferum Under Different Salinity Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Ari Jamil Ali

摘要

Salinity stress severely constrains tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) productivity by impairing water and nutrient uptake, inducing generating oxidative stress, and disrupting physiological functions. This study evaluated the effects of dual inoculation with P.fluorescens and A.lipoferum as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on tomato growth, biochemical responses, and antioxidant defenses under three field capacities (100%, 75%, and 50%). Dual inoculation significantly enhanced chlorophyll content up to (2.613 mg g⁻¹ FW), carotenoid content (0.252 mg g⁻¹ FW), and vitamin C accumulation up to (15.43 mg 100 g− 1) FW under severe stress. Co-inoculated plants also accumulated the highest proline, soluble sugar, and total phenolic contents, indicating improved osmoprotection and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, dual inoculation reduce ethylene production (by 44% at 50% FC), reduced H₂O₂ (from 16.00 to 9.96 µmol g⁻¹ FW), and lowered Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, suggesting thereby mitigating of oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were significantly elevated, peaking at 2.86, 9.03, and 0.204 units, respectively. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K, and Fe) was also enhanced, with nitrogen reaching up to 33.43 mg g⁻¹ leaf. Importantly, fruit yield was significantly improved: dual inoculation achieved the highest yield at 100% FC (3.45 vs. 3.05 kg plant− 1 in control), maintained highest yield at 70% FC (3.10 vs. 2.45 kg plant− 1), and mitigated losses under 50% FC (2.00 vs. 1.69 kg plant− 1). Overall the combined application of the P. fluorescens and A. lipoferum improved tomato resilience and productivity under saline stress through multiple synergistic mechanisms.

Graphical Abstract