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<p>Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.), the fourth most cultivated cereal globally, is a cornerstone of food security and agricultural sustainability due to its adaptability to marginal environments and its nutritional and economic value. As a climate-resilient crop, barley’s defense mechanisms are significantly influenced by flavonoids—diverse polyphenolic compounds with multifaceted roles in disease resistance and stress tolerance. These compounds act as antimicrobial agents, disrupting pathogen activity, fortifying cell walls, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain redox balance and cellular integrity. Flavonoids also function as signaling molecules, coordinating immune responses, regulating hormonal pathways, and fostering beneficial microbial interactions. Key compounds like saponarin and dihydroquercetin exhibit targeted activity against fungal pathogens such as <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>. Transcription factors like HvWRKY23, genes like cytochrome <i>P450</i>,<i> HvCPS2</i>,<i> HvUGT-10W1</i>,<i> HvKSL4</i>, barley mutants (ant 18–159) regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, offering targets for genetic and biotechnological interventions for disease resistance. Advances in molecular biology, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and CRISPR/Cas9, have enabled precise manipulation of flavonoid pathways, enhancing disease resistance and stress adaptation. Genetic diversity, particularly in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, underpins variability in resistance across barley cultivars, with wild germplasm providing valuable traits for breeding programs. Integrating traditional and molecular breeding with sustainable practices reduces chemical inputs and enhances resilience. This review underscores the pivotal role of flavonoids in barley’s defense mechanisms and highlights their potential in developing resilient, sustainable barley varieties for global food systems in the face of climate change.</p>

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Barley Flavonoids: Molecular Insights into Disease Resistance and Stress Tolerance for Sustainable Agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Tao Yang,
  • Xinghuai Jing,
  • Hafiz Ghulam Muhu Din Ahmed,
  • Rashid Iqbal,
  • Yawen Zeng

摘要

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the fourth most cultivated cereal globally, is a cornerstone of food security and agricultural sustainability due to its adaptability to marginal environments and its nutritional and economic value. As a climate-resilient crop, barley’s defense mechanisms are significantly influenced by flavonoids—diverse polyphenolic compounds with multifaceted roles in disease resistance and stress tolerance. These compounds act as antimicrobial agents, disrupting pathogen activity, fortifying cell walls, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain redox balance and cellular integrity. Flavonoids also function as signaling molecules, coordinating immune responses, regulating hormonal pathways, and fostering beneficial microbial interactions. Key compounds like saponarin and dihydroquercetin exhibit targeted activity against fungal pathogens such as Fusarium graminearum. Transcription factors like HvWRKY23, genes like cytochrome P450, HvCPS2, HvUGT-10W1, HvKSL4, barley mutants (ant 18–159) regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, offering targets for genetic and biotechnological interventions for disease resistance. Advances in molecular biology, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and CRISPR/Cas9, have enabled precise manipulation of flavonoid pathways, enhancing disease resistance and stress adaptation. Genetic diversity, particularly in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, underpins variability in resistance across barley cultivars, with wild germplasm providing valuable traits for breeding programs. Integrating traditional and molecular breeding with sustainable practices reduces chemical inputs and enhances resilience. This review underscores the pivotal role of flavonoids in barley’s defense mechanisms and highlights their potential in developing resilient, sustainable barley varieties for global food systems in the face of climate change.