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<p>Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial phytohormone extensively studied for its role in enhancing abiotic stress resistance, yet its efficacy against biotic stress has been less explored. This study evaluated the effects of ABA pre-treatment on <i>Piper betel</i> L. under biotic stress induced by various pathogens including <i>Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, Xanthomonas, Fusarium, and Sclerotium spp</i>. Three experimental groups were established: non treated control plants (C), infected plants without ABA treatment (INF), and ABA-pretreated plants that were subsequently infected (ABA-INF). Morphological assessments revealed that the INF group exhibited symptoms such as bacterial leaf spot, yellowing, wilting, and rot. In contrast, ABA-INF plants showed early defense signaling leading to enhanced stress tolerance, indicated by improved physiological metrics such as relative water content, higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content, increased plant height, biomass, and leaf count when compared to INF and even approaching C levels. The ABA-INF treatment maintained a balanced redox status, evidenced by lower electrolyte leakage, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels, and malonaldehyde content compared to INF, aligning with control levels. Key stability indices and antioxidant compounds like glutathione and ascorbic acid were elevated in ABA-INF plants, while proline and total protein contents were decreased relative to INF and C. GC–MS analysis indicated that secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids) were reduced in ABA-INF, yet the activity of defense enzymes, specifically ascorbate peroxidase and glutathioredoxin, increased. Whole transcriptome sequencing identified 1849 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 341 upregulated and 1508 downregulated in ABA-INF. Principal component analysis indicated that treatment 1 (INF) and treatment 2 (ABA-INF) accounted for 51% of the transcriptome variation. Among upregulated genes, a small portion was linked to defense mechanisms and transcription factors. DEG analysis corroborated the physiological findings, showing significant downregulation of phytohormones and secondary metabolites while indicating that essential metabolic processes remain functional under stress. The results suggest that ABA pre-treatment enhances the betel vine’s tolerance to pathogenic stress by primarily downregulating certain genes while upregulating fundamental metabolic pathways.</p>

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Pre-Treatment with Abscisic Acid Enhances Multi Pathogen Stress Tolerance in Piper Betle Through Extensive Gene Downregulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Sandeep Kumar Chaurasia,
  • Chinmayee Acharya,
  • Jitendra Kumar Pandey

摘要

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial phytohormone extensively studied for its role in enhancing abiotic stress resistance, yet its efficacy against biotic stress has been less explored. This study evaluated the effects of ABA pre-treatment on Piper betel L. under biotic stress induced by various pathogens including Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, Xanthomonas, Fusarium, and Sclerotium spp. Three experimental groups were established: non treated control plants (C), infected plants without ABA treatment (INF), and ABA-pretreated plants that were subsequently infected (ABA-INF). Morphological assessments revealed that the INF group exhibited symptoms such as bacterial leaf spot, yellowing, wilting, and rot. In contrast, ABA-INF plants showed early defense signaling leading to enhanced stress tolerance, indicated by improved physiological metrics such as relative water content, higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content, increased plant height, biomass, and leaf count when compared to INF and even approaching C levels. The ABA-INF treatment maintained a balanced redox status, evidenced by lower electrolyte leakage, H2O2 levels, and malonaldehyde content compared to INF, aligning with control levels. Key stability indices and antioxidant compounds like glutathione and ascorbic acid were elevated in ABA-INF plants, while proline and total protein contents were decreased relative to INF and C. GC–MS analysis indicated that secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids) were reduced in ABA-INF, yet the activity of defense enzymes, specifically ascorbate peroxidase and glutathioredoxin, increased. Whole transcriptome sequencing identified 1849 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 341 upregulated and 1508 downregulated in ABA-INF. Principal component analysis indicated that treatment 1 (INF) and treatment 2 (ABA-INF) accounted for 51% of the transcriptome variation. Among upregulated genes, a small portion was linked to defense mechanisms and transcription factors. DEG analysis corroborated the physiological findings, showing significant downregulation of phytohormones and secondary metabolites while indicating that essential metabolic processes remain functional under stress. The results suggest that ABA pre-treatment enhances the betel vine’s tolerance to pathogenic stress by primarily downregulating certain genes while upregulating fundamental metabolic pathways.