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<p>Drought stress can have severe consequences on global food production, exacerbating food insecurity. We evaluated potential hermetic effects (low-dose stimulation and high-dose toxicity) of foliar-applied copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) on the aerial and below-ground architecture, seed biomass and Cu biouptake in soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) under drought stress, and compared with CuSO<sub>4</sub> treatment and untreated control, in a field experiment. Under drought, 50&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs significantly increased leaf, stem, pod, and seed biomass by 26%, 39%, 15%, and 15%, respectively, whereas 200&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs decreased corresponding biomass by 35%, 31%, 28%, and 47%, respectively, compared to untreated control, confirming hermetic effects in aerial parts. Similar trend was observed under non-drought condition. Under drought, 50&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs significantly increased root length, area, volume, and biomass by 11%, 16%, 22%, and 38%, respectively, whereas 200&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs decreased corresponding root endpoints by 22%, 31%, 39%, and 35%, respectively, compared to untreated control, further confirming hermetic effects in belowground system. Under both drought and non-drought conditions, Cu uptake in all plant parts was lowest for 50&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs compared to higher concentrations, including CuSO<sub>4</sub> treatment. Moreover, electron microscopic analysis of leaf ultrastructure revealed altered chloroplasts and diminished starch granules with 200&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs treatment under drought stress compared to untreated and non-drought plants. Taken together, our results showing low-dose stimulation and high-dose toxicity confirmed the hermetic effect of CuONPs in soybean, and underscores the importance of foliar application of 50&#xa0;mg/L CuONPs for improved plant productivity under drought stress.</p>

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Hormesis in field-grown Glycine Max (L.) with Foliar-Treatment of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Observed in Aerial and Belowground Traits Under Drought Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Shahin Shirvani-Naghani,
  • Sina Fallah,
  • Lok R. Pokhrel

摘要

Drought stress can have severe consequences on global food production, exacerbating food insecurity. We evaluated potential hermetic effects (low-dose stimulation and high-dose toxicity) of foliar-applied copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) on the aerial and below-ground architecture, seed biomass and Cu biouptake in soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress, and compared with CuSO4 treatment and untreated control, in a field experiment. Under drought, 50 mg/L CuONPs significantly increased leaf, stem, pod, and seed biomass by 26%, 39%, 15%, and 15%, respectively, whereas 200 mg/L CuONPs decreased corresponding biomass by 35%, 31%, 28%, and 47%, respectively, compared to untreated control, confirming hermetic effects in aerial parts. Similar trend was observed under non-drought condition. Under drought, 50 mg/L CuONPs significantly increased root length, area, volume, and biomass by 11%, 16%, 22%, and 38%, respectively, whereas 200 mg/L CuONPs decreased corresponding root endpoints by 22%, 31%, 39%, and 35%, respectively, compared to untreated control, further confirming hermetic effects in belowground system. Under both drought and non-drought conditions, Cu uptake in all plant parts was lowest for 50 mg/L CuONPs compared to higher concentrations, including CuSO4 treatment. Moreover, electron microscopic analysis of leaf ultrastructure revealed altered chloroplasts and diminished starch granules with 200 mg/L CuONPs treatment under drought stress compared to untreated and non-drought plants. Taken together, our results showing low-dose stimulation and high-dose toxicity confirmed the hermetic effect of CuONPs in soybean, and underscores the importance of foliar application of 50 mg/L CuONPs for improved plant productivity under drought stress.