<p>Drought stress significantly affects the productivity and yield stability of common beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.), particularly in regions of water scarcity. This review comprehensively examines strategies for enhancing the drought tolerance of common beans by integrating physiological, biochemical, and genetic perspectives. It assesses the major impacts of drought on common bean performance, including inhibited growth, reduced yield, and declining seed quality. Recent advancements in understanding the genetic foundations of drought tolerance are reviewed, including identifying essential genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to drought-responsive traits. This review also addresses physiological mechanisms contributing to drought resilience, such as osmotic adjustment and water use efficiency. Biochemical markers and processes involved in stress response and adaptation are discussed, emphasizing their role in improving drought tolerance. Emerging technologies, such as hyperspectral remote sensing and predictive modeling for drought assessment, are examined. This review synthesizes the current knowledge and identifies research gaps, providing a framework for future studies and breeding strategies to develop drought-resistant common bean varieties, to support sustainable agricultural practices in water-limited environments.</p>