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<p>Iron deficiency poses a significant challenge in agriculture, particularly in calcareous soils, where high bicarbonate levels elevate pH and limit iron availability. This study investigates the physiological and biochemical responses of six apple rootstocks—M9, M7, M25, M26, MM106, and MM111—to iron deficiency and bicarbonate-induced stress. Among these, M9, M7, and M25 demonstrated superior tolerance, maintaining higher ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity, effective rhizosphere acidification, and increased production of phenolic compounds and auxin. These adaptations enhanced iron solubility and uptake, preserving chlorophyll content and biomass allocation under stress. In contrast, M26, MM106, and MM111 exhibited sensitivity, characterized by impaired FCR activity, limited rhizosphere acidification, and iron accumulation in root apoplasts, leading to reduced chlorophyll levels and oxidative stress mitigation. The robust antioxidant defenses and efficient iron acquisition mechanisms of M9, M7, and M25 highlight their potential for improving apple cultivation in high-pH environments. These findings provide critical insights for selecting and breeding iron-efficient rootstocks, offering practical strategies to address iron deficiency in calcareous soils.</p>

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Adaptive Mechanisms of Apple Rootstocks to Iron Deficiency and Bicarbonate-Induced Stress: Physiological and Biochemical Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月31日

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  • Mohsen Pirmoradian,
  • Lotfali Naseri,
  • Hamid Abdollahi,
  • Ali Asghar Shahabi

摘要

Iron deficiency poses a significant challenge in agriculture, particularly in calcareous soils, where high bicarbonate levels elevate pH and limit iron availability. This study investigates the physiological and biochemical responses of six apple rootstocks—M9, M7, M25, M26, MM106, and MM111—to iron deficiency and bicarbonate-induced stress. Among these, M9, M7, and M25 demonstrated superior tolerance, maintaining higher ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity, effective rhizosphere acidification, and increased production of phenolic compounds and auxin. These adaptations enhanced iron solubility and uptake, preserving chlorophyll content and biomass allocation under stress. In contrast, M26, MM106, and MM111 exhibited sensitivity, characterized by impaired FCR activity, limited rhizosphere acidification, and iron accumulation in root apoplasts, leading to reduced chlorophyll levels and oxidative stress mitigation. The robust antioxidant defenses and efficient iron acquisition mechanisms of M9, M7, and M25 highlight their potential for improving apple cultivation in high-pH environments. These findings provide critical insights for selecting and breeding iron-efficient rootstocks, offering practical strategies to address iron deficiency in calcareous soils.