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<p>Climate change poses a substantial threat to crop productivity, agricultural sustainability, food security, and human health. Such issues have become even more lethal in the South Asia region, where the predicted average increase in temperature is 1.5–3.0&#xa0;°C. Heat stress causes multifaceted impacts on physiological, cellular, and molecular levels from the vegetative phase to grain filling in cereal crops. To cope with stress, crops synthesize various mechanisms like osmolyte synthesis, signal transduction, antioxidants, ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and the expression of heat-responsive genes. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been linked with heat stress for traits like pollen fertility, grain filling duration, grain weight, and grain yield. Integrating multi-omics methods, mainly transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and high-throughput phenomics, can further elucidate tolerance mechanisms in crops under heat stress. Furthermore, discovering microRNAs (miRNAs) paves the way for generating heat stress tolerance through advanced genome editing tools. Overexpression of miR157, miR158, miR159, miR164, and miR398 causes sensitivity towards heat stress by inducing oxidative stress and interfering with defense mechanisms. On the other hand, overexpression of miR157, miR160, and miR393 generates tolerance by regulating heat shock proteins. CRISPR-Cas9 can use such miRNA-based targets either by knocking them out or inserting them into the genome to improve heat resilience in crops. This review delivers comprehensive knowledge on integrating multi-omics approaches to understand heat response in wheat, rice, and maize. This review also highlights key target genes and miRNAs available for genome CRISPR-Cas9 to enhance heat tolerance. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the screening and breeding of heat-tolerant genotypes for sustainable agriculture and food security.</p>

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Current Insights into Heat Tolerance in Cereal Crops: From Molecular Mechanisms to Genome Editing Strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月24日

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  • Muhammad Saeed

摘要

Climate change poses a substantial threat to crop productivity, agricultural sustainability, food security, and human health. Such issues have become even more lethal in the South Asia region, where the predicted average increase in temperature is 1.5–3.0 °C. Heat stress causes multifaceted impacts on physiological, cellular, and molecular levels from the vegetative phase to grain filling in cereal crops. To cope with stress, crops synthesize various mechanisms like osmolyte synthesis, signal transduction, antioxidants, ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and the expression of heat-responsive genes. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been linked with heat stress for traits like pollen fertility, grain filling duration, grain weight, and grain yield. Integrating multi-omics methods, mainly transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and high-throughput phenomics, can further elucidate tolerance mechanisms in crops under heat stress. Furthermore, discovering microRNAs (miRNAs) paves the way for generating heat stress tolerance through advanced genome editing tools. Overexpression of miR157, miR158, miR159, miR164, and miR398 causes sensitivity towards heat stress by inducing oxidative stress and interfering with defense mechanisms. On the other hand, overexpression of miR157, miR160, and miR393 generates tolerance by regulating heat shock proteins. CRISPR-Cas9 can use such miRNA-based targets either by knocking them out or inserting them into the genome to improve heat resilience in crops. This review delivers comprehensive knowledge on integrating multi-omics approaches to understand heat response in wheat, rice, and maize. This review also highlights key target genes and miRNAs available for genome CRISPR-Cas9 to enhance heat tolerance. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the screening and breeding of heat-tolerant genotypes for sustainable agriculture and food security.