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<p>Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a key signaling molecule in seed dormancy alleviation and germination promotion, during which is capable of modulating seed photoblastic responses. However, the interplay between NO and light in regulating light-natural seed germination with deep dormancy properties remain elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of NO and variable light qualities (especially far-red light (FR)) at different concentrations and exposure times on embryo germination of <i>Sorbus pohuashanensis</i>. Key findings include: (1) Embryos were insensitive to white light and a single red pulse. Conversely, 30-min FR exposure inhibited germination (37.73% reduction in germination percentage compared to control). (2) NO enhanced dark germination and alleviated the inhibitory effect of FR (41.52% increase compared to the control). (3) NO-FR crosstalk is not only related to endogenous hormones (ABA, GA and ETH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme systems, but also involves the regulation of several important light-responsive factors. Exogenous application of NO promoted the expression of <i>HFR1</i> and <i>HY1</i> while downregulated the expression of <i>PIF1</i> and <i>PIF3</i>, which in turn facilitated the germination process. The study provides a NO supplemented strategy to eliminate FR-dominated germination inhibition in light-natural species, and offers practical solutions for improving seedling recruitment in forestry under canopy shade (high FR/R environments) or in controlled nursery systems with artificial light.</p>

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Antagonistic Effects of Nitric Oxide and Far-Red Light on Sorbus pohuashanensis Embryo Germination

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月24日

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  • Ruirui Wang,
  • Mengfan Wang,
  • Ling Yang

摘要

Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a key signaling molecule in seed dormancy alleviation and germination promotion, during which is capable of modulating seed photoblastic responses. However, the interplay between NO and light in regulating light-natural seed germination with deep dormancy properties remain elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of NO and variable light qualities (especially far-red light (FR)) at different concentrations and exposure times on embryo germination of Sorbus pohuashanensis. Key findings include: (1) Embryos were insensitive to white light and a single red pulse. Conversely, 30-min FR exposure inhibited germination (37.73% reduction in germination percentage compared to control). (2) NO enhanced dark germination and alleviated the inhibitory effect of FR (41.52% increase compared to the control). (3) NO-FR crosstalk is not only related to endogenous hormones (ABA, GA and ETH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme systems, but also involves the regulation of several important light-responsive factors. Exogenous application of NO promoted the expression of HFR1 and HY1 while downregulated the expression of PIF1 and PIF3, which in turn facilitated the germination process. The study provides a NO supplemented strategy to eliminate FR-dominated germination inhibition in light-natural species, and offers practical solutions for improving seedling recruitment in forestry under canopy shade (high FR/R environments) or in controlled nursery systems with artificial light.