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<p>Saffron is a perennial geophyte, and the spice comprises its flower’s stigma, an important culinary and medicinal product. Saffron flowering is a temperature-controlled process where ambient high temperature promotes flower induction, whereas low temperature suppresses it. Our previous study based on transcriptomics suggested the role of starch and sucrose metabolism in temperature-mediated flowering induction. Nevertheless, the saffron corm harbours a variety of additional metabolites and many of them are known to influence flowering, and whose impact on flowering remains unexplored. Thus to delve deeper into the flowering process we conducted an HPLC–MS/MS-based metabolic analysis and integrated it with transcriptome data. Metabolite analysis identified 118 putative compounds, among which 97 were differentially expressed. A total of 60 metabolites were significantly up-regulated and 37 down-regulated at 25 °C as compared to 8 °C belonging to different categories. Interestingly, raffinose metabolism, terpene and phenylpropanoids metabolites and their derivatives were significantly altered in the flowering and non-flowering apical buds. Moreover, deep transcriptomic analysis based on RNA sequencing aligns with our metabolite findings, pinpointing genes implicated in the metabolic processes during floral induction. Besides, a co-expression gene regulatory network (GRN) was constructed using the predicted transcription factors and the target genes involved in the primary and secondary metabolism of saffron, which revealed key regulators involved in the process. Overall the study advances our understanding of temperature-mediated floral induction at metabolite and molecular levels.</p>

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An Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis Unveils the Temperature-Mediated Regulation of Floral Induction in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月22日

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  • Firdous Rasool Sheikh,
  • Aasim Majeed,
  • Joel Jose-Santhi,
  • Diksha Kalia,
  • Ram Kumar Sharma,
  • Rajesh Kumar Singh

摘要

Saffron is a perennial geophyte, and the spice comprises its flower’s stigma, an important culinary and medicinal product. Saffron flowering is a temperature-controlled process where ambient high temperature promotes flower induction, whereas low temperature suppresses it. Our previous study based on transcriptomics suggested the role of starch and sucrose metabolism in temperature-mediated flowering induction. Nevertheless, the saffron corm harbours a variety of additional metabolites and many of them are known to influence flowering, and whose impact on flowering remains unexplored. Thus to delve deeper into the flowering process we conducted an HPLC–MS/MS-based metabolic analysis and integrated it with transcriptome data. Metabolite analysis identified 118 putative compounds, among which 97 were differentially expressed. A total of 60 metabolites were significantly up-regulated and 37 down-regulated at 25 °C as compared to 8 °C belonging to different categories. Interestingly, raffinose metabolism, terpene and phenylpropanoids metabolites and their derivatives were significantly altered in the flowering and non-flowering apical buds. Moreover, deep transcriptomic analysis based on RNA sequencing aligns with our metabolite findings, pinpointing genes implicated in the metabolic processes during floral induction. Besides, a co-expression gene regulatory network (GRN) was constructed using the predicted transcription factors and the target genes involved in the primary and secondary metabolism of saffron, which revealed key regulators involved in the process. Overall the study advances our understanding of temperature-mediated floral induction at metabolite and molecular levels.