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<p>Leaf morphogenesis controlled by the complex genetic networks, which is closely related to plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf morphogenesis, particularly leaf size regulation and vein patterning, remain unclear in birch. Herein, we found some GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors differentially expressed at one or more stages of primary vein development. In birch, 35 GLK family members were identified and shared a lowly conserved Myb-DNA-binding structural domain. GLK family was divided into four major groups, with remarkable variations in gene structures, motif composition, and physicochemical properties. Promoter sequences of <i>BpGLKs</i> shared the development, hormone, and stress-related cis-acting regulatory elements. One gene encoding HRS1 homolog4 protein (HHO4), designated as <i>BpHHO4</i>, exhibited high expression during primary vein development. The over-expression and repression of <i>BpHHO4</i> led to the inhibitory effects on seedling height, branch number, leaf morphology, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, <i>BpHHO4</i> over-expressed and repressed transgenic plants showed the opposite anatomical characteristics of primary vein structures, palisade and spongy tissues. Compared to non-transgenic plants, the hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of <i>BpHHO4</i> over-expressed transgenic plants and the chlorophyll content of <i>BpHHO4</i> repressed transgenic plants exhibited a significant increase. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the molecular role of <i>BpHHO4</i> in altering leaf morphological traits, finally leading to the benefits of genetic improvement of woody plants with the alterations in geometric and topological phenotypes of leaf vascular systems.</p>

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Genome-Wide Identification of GLK Gene Family and the Role of BpHHO4 in Birch Leaf Morphology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月10日

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  • Xiuyan Bian,
  • Chang Qu,
  • Jing Jiang,
  • Guifeng Liu

摘要

Leaf morphogenesis controlled by the complex genetic networks, which is closely related to plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf morphogenesis, particularly leaf size regulation and vein patterning, remain unclear in birch. Herein, we found some GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors differentially expressed at one or more stages of primary vein development. In birch, 35 GLK family members were identified and shared a lowly conserved Myb-DNA-binding structural domain. GLK family was divided into four major groups, with remarkable variations in gene structures, motif composition, and physicochemical properties. Promoter sequences of BpGLKs shared the development, hormone, and stress-related cis-acting regulatory elements. One gene encoding HRS1 homolog4 protein (HHO4), designated as BpHHO4, exhibited high expression during primary vein development. The over-expression and repression of BpHHO4 led to the inhibitory effects on seedling height, branch number, leaf morphology, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, BpHHO4 over-expressed and repressed transgenic plants showed the opposite anatomical characteristics of primary vein structures, palisade and spongy tissues. Compared to non-transgenic plants, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of BpHHO4 over-expressed transgenic plants and the chlorophyll content of BpHHO4 repressed transgenic plants exhibited a significant increase. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the molecular role of BpHHO4 in altering leaf morphological traits, finally leading to the benefits of genetic improvement of woody plants with the alterations in geometric and topological phenotypes of leaf vascular systems.