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<p>Salinity stress significantly impacts agricultural productivity by damaging key plant mechanisms like photosynthesis, osmotic balance, and enzymatic activity. <i>Withania somnifera</i> (L.) Dunal, valued in Ayurveda for its anti-carcinogenic withanolides such as withaferin A, faces reduced yields due to soil salinity in India. Sustainable, eco-friendly methods are needed to mitigate salt stress and improve economic yield, as conventional approaches are environmentally unsustainable for long-term productivity. This study hypothesizes that plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could effectively reduce salinity stress and enhance withaferin A production. The study evaluates the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (<i>Azotobacter chroococcum</i>), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (<i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i>), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (<i>Enterobacter esburiae</i>), and a mycorrhizal consortium under saline (4.5 dS m<sup>−1</sup>) and non-saline conditions. The 4.5 dS m<sup>−1</sup> sodium chloride salinity dose significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) reduced growth attributes and increased malondialdehyde (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) (MDA) content, electrolytic leakage (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) (EL), and sodium–potassium ratio (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) by 113.38%, 79.51%, and 114.85%, respectively, compared to control. Among all the biofertilizer treatments, AMF inoculation most effectively improved (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) growth parameters and decreased MDA (<i>p</i>&#xa0;&lt; 0.01), EL (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and sodium–potassium ratio (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) by 69.99%, 21.42%, and 66.96%, respectively. Under salinity stress, AMF inoculation maximally increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) withaferin A by 49.07%, while PGPB increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) it upto 34.54%. The findings suggest that AMF and PGPB alleviate salinity stress by reducing lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, regulating the sodium–potassium ratio, and enhancing withanolide production in <i>W. somnifera</i>. Thus, microbial inoculation offers a sustainable, eco-friendly approach to improving the growth and yield of secondary metabolites in <i>W. somnifera</i> in salt-affected regions.</p>

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Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Salinity Tolerance in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月24日

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  • Prachi Sharma,
  • Siddhartha Kaushal,
  • Rajesh Tandon,
  • Shailendra Goel,
  • Ratul Baishya

摘要

Salinity stress significantly impacts agricultural productivity by damaging key plant mechanisms like photosynthesis, osmotic balance, and enzymatic activity. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, valued in Ayurveda for its anti-carcinogenic withanolides such as withaferin A, faces reduced yields due to soil salinity in India. Sustainable, eco-friendly methods are needed to mitigate salt stress and improve economic yield, as conventional approaches are environmentally unsustainable for long-term productivity. This study hypothesizes that plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could effectively reduce salinity stress and enhance withaferin A production. The study evaluates the effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (Enterobacter esburiae), and a mycorrhizal consortium under saline (4.5 dS m−1) and non-saline conditions. The 4.5 dS m−1 sodium chloride salinity dose significantly (p < 0.05) reduced growth attributes and increased malondialdehyde (p < 0.001) (MDA) content, electrolytic leakage (p < 0.0001) (EL), and sodium–potassium ratio (p < 0.001) by 113.38%, 79.51%, and 114.85%, respectively, compared to control. Among all the biofertilizer treatments, AMF inoculation most effectively improved (p < 0.05) growth parameters and decreased MDA (p < 0.01), EL (p < 0.001), and sodium–potassium ratio (p < 0.0001) by 69.99%, 21.42%, and 66.96%, respectively. Under salinity stress, AMF inoculation maximally increased (p < 0.0001) withaferin A by 49.07%, while PGPB increased (p < 0.05) it upto 34.54%. The findings suggest that AMF and PGPB alleviate salinity stress by reducing lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, regulating the sodium–potassium ratio, and enhancing withanolide production in W. somnifera. Thus, microbial inoculation offers a sustainable, eco-friendly approach to improving the growth and yield of secondary metabolites in W. somnifera in salt-affected regions.