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<p>Heavy metals like lead (Pb) typically end up in soils due to industrial processes, agricultural methods, and atmospheric deposition. Barley is particularly sensitive to Pb stress due to its high uptake of heavy metals, which can severely impact its growth and yield, especially in regions with contaminated soils. The study intends to further knowledge regarding the effectiveness of GA<sub>3</sub>, a plant growth regulator recognized for promoting multiple physiological processes and reducing the negative consequences of lead stress. In addition to assessing growth parameters, the Pb content in various plant tissues was measured to evaluate how barley plants handle lead accumulation. Therefore, extensive research conducted in controlled laboratory conditions on morpho-physiological characteristics and biochemical responses offers important new information about the possible advantages of these treatments. Eight different treatment combinations were applied, and 24 barley plants were cultivated in soil contaminated with Pb. The experimental design was a complete randomized (CRD) with three replicates. Control (No Pb stress; T1: GA<sub>3</sub>; T2: Pb stress (30&#xa0;mM); T3: Pb stress (60&#xa0;mM); T4: Pb stress (90&#xa0;mM); T5: GA<sub>3</sub> + Pb stress (30&#xa0;mM); T6: GA<sub>3</sub> + Pb stress (60&#xa0;mM); T7: GA<sub>3</sub> + Pb stress (90&#xa0;mM). The use of GA<sub>3</sub> greatly improved several parameters, including root length (37.5%), shoot length (22.4%), Fresh weight (27.7%), Dry weight (42.1%), Relative water content (46%), Leaf chlorophyll a (9.9%), Chlorophyll b (18.8%), Total chlorophyll (13.9%), protein (21.1%), and Ascorbic acid (79.4%) compared to the control group. Moreover, Pb stress also significantly enhanced the proline (40.4%), Lipid peroxidation (MDA) (41.9%), Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) (61.3%), Catalase (41.6%), and Ascorbate peroxidase (122.7%) compared to control. GA<sub>3</sub> is a viable strategy for reducing Pb-induced stress in barley, indicating a promising direction for sustainable farming practices. These findings highlight the potential of GA<sub>3</sub> as a viable strategy for mitigating Pb-induced stress in barley, suggesting its application could be crucial for enhancing crop resilience and safety in contaminated agricultural systems. Additionally, the lead content in the caryopsis produced after GA3 treatment is analyzed to evaluate the potential risks associated with lead accumulation in food crops. This study also includes measurements of Pb concentrations in barley plants' roots, stems, and leaves under different treatment conditions.</p>

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Mitigating Lead Stress in Barley Using Gibberellic Acid (GA3): Effects on Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月16日

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  • Asmat Ullah,
  • Ali Hazrat,
  • Babar Ali Khan,
  • Saddam Saqib,
  • Fazal Ullah

摘要

Heavy metals like lead (Pb) typically end up in soils due to industrial processes, agricultural methods, and atmospheric deposition. Barley is particularly sensitive to Pb stress due to its high uptake of heavy metals, which can severely impact its growth and yield, especially in regions with contaminated soils. The study intends to further knowledge regarding the effectiveness of GA3, a plant growth regulator recognized for promoting multiple physiological processes and reducing the negative consequences of lead stress. In addition to assessing growth parameters, the Pb content in various plant tissues was measured to evaluate how barley plants handle lead accumulation. Therefore, extensive research conducted in controlled laboratory conditions on morpho-physiological characteristics and biochemical responses offers important new information about the possible advantages of these treatments. Eight different treatment combinations were applied, and 24 barley plants were cultivated in soil contaminated with Pb. The experimental design was a complete randomized (CRD) with three replicates. Control (No Pb stress; T1: GA3; T2: Pb stress (30 mM); T3: Pb stress (60 mM); T4: Pb stress (90 mM); T5: GA3 + Pb stress (30 mM); T6: GA3 + Pb stress (60 mM); T7: GA3 + Pb stress (90 mM). The use of GA3 greatly improved several parameters, including root length (37.5%), shoot length (22.4%), Fresh weight (27.7%), Dry weight (42.1%), Relative water content (46%), Leaf chlorophyll a (9.9%), Chlorophyll b (18.8%), Total chlorophyll (13.9%), protein (21.1%), and Ascorbic acid (79.4%) compared to the control group. Moreover, Pb stress also significantly enhanced the proline (40.4%), Lipid peroxidation (MDA) (41.9%), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (61.3%), Catalase (41.6%), and Ascorbate peroxidase (122.7%) compared to control. GA3 is a viable strategy for reducing Pb-induced stress in barley, indicating a promising direction for sustainable farming practices. These findings highlight the potential of GA3 as a viable strategy for mitigating Pb-induced stress in barley, suggesting its application could be crucial for enhancing crop resilience and safety in contaminated agricultural systems. Additionally, the lead content in the caryopsis produced after GA3 treatment is analyzed to evaluate the potential risks associated with lead accumulation in food crops. This study also includes measurements of Pb concentrations in barley plants' roots, stems, and leaves under different treatment conditions.