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<p>Typhoon, as one of the most destructive weather systems, causes significant impacts on the marine environment. We established a multi-dataset case-comparative framework by integrating Argo buoy observations, HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis data, and Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) satellite precipitation data, to elucidate the upper ocean response mechanisms to four distinctive typhoons in the northwest Pacific (2021–2024). Our analysis revealed several key mechanistic insights. Results show that the HYCOM model can simulate the temperature and salinity trends, but systematically underestimates precipitation dilution (with salinity deviations of 0.1–0.2) and mixing intensity (with temperature deviations of 0.4–1.2 °C), due to insufficient parameterization of the wind-wave-current coupling process. After typhoon passage, sea surface temperature decreases sharply by 1.5–3 °C due mainly to the enhanced vertical mixing, while salinity decreases by 0.1–0.6 as a result of the combined effects of precipitation dilution and mixing with deep high-salinity water. The mixed layer depth (MLD) increases from 40 to 100 m. The temperature recovers gradually within 10 d due to solar shortwave radiation and advection, while salinity recovers more slowly due to its conservative nature. A notable asymmetry was observed, and the Ekman suction driven by strong winds was enhanced on the right side of the typhoon track, leading to a significantly deeper disturbance depth compared to the left side. Significant thermal anomalies were observed in the subsurface (80–500 m), resulting from the competing effects of vertical mixing and Ekman pumping. The cold wake is primarily governed by wind-driven vertical mixing, while its spatial pattern is co-regulated by precipitation-induced freshwater input. Ekman transport plays a critical role in subsurface heat redistribution. These findings underscore the importance of multi-platform observations for understanding complex ocean responses and highlight key areas for improving coupled model parameterizations.</p>

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Research on the response of the upper ocean to typhoons

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Yu Qi,
  • Ying Wang

摘要

Typhoon, as one of the most destructive weather systems, causes significant impacts on the marine environment. We established a multi-dataset case-comparative framework by integrating Argo buoy observations, HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis data, and Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) satellite precipitation data, to elucidate the upper ocean response mechanisms to four distinctive typhoons in the northwest Pacific (2021–2024). Our analysis revealed several key mechanistic insights. Results show that the HYCOM model can simulate the temperature and salinity trends, but systematically underestimates precipitation dilution (with salinity deviations of 0.1–0.2) and mixing intensity (with temperature deviations of 0.4–1.2 °C), due to insufficient parameterization of the wind-wave-current coupling process. After typhoon passage, sea surface temperature decreases sharply by 1.5–3 °C due mainly to the enhanced vertical mixing, while salinity decreases by 0.1–0.6 as a result of the combined effects of precipitation dilution and mixing with deep high-salinity water. The mixed layer depth (MLD) increases from 40 to 100 m. The temperature recovers gradually within 10 d due to solar shortwave radiation and advection, while salinity recovers more slowly due to its conservative nature. A notable asymmetry was observed, and the Ekman suction driven by strong winds was enhanced on the right side of the typhoon track, leading to a significantly deeper disturbance depth compared to the left side. Significant thermal anomalies were observed in the subsurface (80–500 m), resulting from the competing effects of vertical mixing and Ekman pumping. The cold wake is primarily governed by wind-driven vertical mixing, while its spatial pattern is co-regulated by precipitation-induced freshwater input. Ekman transport plays a critical role in subsurface heat redistribution. These findings underscore the importance of multi-platform observations for understanding complex ocean responses and highlight key areas for improving coupled model parameterizations.