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<p>This study is the first to explore the linkages among sediment dinocysts, their free-living forms, and environmental factors in a tropical marine setting. Here, we surveyed dinocyst composition and abundance and compared them with free-living dinoflagellates at 48 stations in five harmful algal bloom (HAB)-affected bays on three eastern islands of the Philippines bordering the western side of the Pacific Ocean. Through traditional light microscopy, we were able to confirm 18 dinocysts in the five bays, including those producing yessotoxins (YTX), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin, and those associated with ichthyotoxicity. Dinocyst composition in the bottom of each bay resembled the free-living dinoflagellates in the waters, with Samar Sea showing more uniformity than Leyte waters. Moreover, we observed an inverse relationship between <i>Pyrodinium</i> and <i>Lingulodinium</i> based on their abundance, suggesting a possible ecological preference or encystment potential of the free-living form. We notably observed an unusually high abundance of <i>Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus</i> (3 000 cysts/g DS) on the western side of Biliran Bay, despite the absence of its free-living form during the sampling period. Multivariate analysis showed that dinocysts distribution and abundance in the eastern islands correlate with available phosphorus, organic matter, moisture content, and muddy type of sediment. Observations of the dinocyst-phytoplankton linkage in the field are important for understanding the ecology and biology of dinoflagellates. This will further our understanding and, hopefully, predict or mitigate HAB.</p>

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Composition and distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surficial sediments and their linkages to their free-living form in five bays of three eastern islands in the Philippines, western Pacific border

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Stephanie Faith P. Ravelo,
  • Leni G. Yap-Dejeto,
  • Aaron N. Ocaña,
  • James Victor T. Noroña,
  • Mark Leonard S. Silaras,
  • Jhon Mark C. Cecilio,
  • Ruel M. Amascual

摘要

This study is the first to explore the linkages among sediment dinocysts, their free-living forms, and environmental factors in a tropical marine setting. Here, we surveyed dinocyst composition and abundance and compared them with free-living dinoflagellates at 48 stations in five harmful algal bloom (HAB)-affected bays on three eastern islands of the Philippines bordering the western side of the Pacific Ocean. Through traditional light microscopy, we were able to confirm 18 dinocysts in the five bays, including those producing yessotoxins (YTX), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin, and those associated with ichthyotoxicity. Dinocyst composition in the bottom of each bay resembled the free-living dinoflagellates in the waters, with Samar Sea showing more uniformity than Leyte waters. Moreover, we observed an inverse relationship between Pyrodinium and Lingulodinium based on their abundance, suggesting a possible ecological preference or encystment potential of the free-living form. We notably observed an unusually high abundance of Pseudocochlodinium profundisulcus (3 000 cysts/g DS) on the western side of Biliran Bay, despite the absence of its free-living form during the sampling period. Multivariate analysis showed that dinocysts distribution and abundance in the eastern islands correlate with available phosphorus, organic matter, moisture content, and muddy type of sediment. Observations of the dinocyst-phytoplankton linkage in the field are important for understanding the ecology and biology of dinoflagellates. This will further our understanding and, hopefully, predict or mitigate HAB.