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<p>We theoretically and experimentally investigate orientation-dependent high-harmonic generation (HHG) in zinc oxide subjected to intense femtosecond mid-infrared (MIR) laser pulses. In agreement with past measurements from literature, we observe non-perturbative harmonic spectra with harmonics extending beyond the material band gap. The spectra depend sensitively on the orientation of the crystal with respect to the laser polarization direction. To benchmark the measurements, we performed detailed theoretical calculation of the orientation-dependent harmonic yields. The theory predicts a six-fold angular modulation of the intensity of odd-order harmonics in the (0001)-plane, which can be deduced from the symmetry of the hexagonal lattice alone, in contrast a four-fold symmetry is observed in the experiment. The theory points out the essential role of the anisotropy of the multiple band structure affecting the dynamics of electron–hole pair excitation and solid-state HHG.</p>

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Orientation-dependent high harmonic generation in ZnO

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Tzveta Apostolova,
  • Balint Kiss,
  • Deborata Rajak,
  • Katalin Pirisi,
  • Rajaram Shrestha,
  • Levente Abrok,
  • Boyan Obreshkov,
  • Jean Claude Kieffer,
  • Dimitar Velkov,
  • Miles Thoma

摘要

We theoretically and experimentally investigate orientation-dependent high-harmonic generation (HHG) in zinc oxide subjected to intense femtosecond mid-infrared (MIR) laser pulses. In agreement with past measurements from literature, we observe non-perturbative harmonic spectra with harmonics extending beyond the material band gap. The spectra depend sensitively on the orientation of the crystal with respect to the laser polarization direction. To benchmark the measurements, we performed detailed theoretical calculation of the orientation-dependent harmonic yields. The theory predicts a six-fold angular modulation of the intensity of odd-order harmonics in the (0001)-plane, which can be deduced from the symmetry of the hexagonal lattice alone, in contrast a four-fold symmetry is observed in the experiment. The theory points out the essential role of the anisotropy of the multiple band structure affecting the dynamics of electron–hole pair excitation and solid-state HHG.