<p>The present paper reports on the design, fabrication, and characterization of an 8-tube inhibited-coupling guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (IC-HCPCF) capable of guiding both the beam emitted from an Yb:YAG laser at the fundamental wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda =1030 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1030</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and its second harmonic at <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda =515 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>515</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. By controlling the strut thickness of the glass capillaries to approximately <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(362 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>362</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the transmission of laser radiation at both wavelengths was possible with low losses. Optimizing the outer diameter of the glass capillaries mitigates the bending-induced increase of the confinement loss at the wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(515 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>515</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> without compromising the optical performance of the fiber at the wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1030 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1030</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Experimental results confirm the near to diffraction-limited beam quality <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left({M}^{2}&lt;1.15\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msup> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1.15</mn> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the laser beams exiting the fiber at both operational wavelengths. Operating in the first transmission band at the wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1030 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1030</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the calculated chromatic dispersion is <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1.02 \text{ps}/(\text{nm}\bullet \text{km})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1.02</mn> <mtext>ps</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>nm</mtext> <mo>∙</mo> <mtext>km</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, despite a diameter of the hollow core of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(40 \mu \text{m}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>40</mn> <mi>μ</mi> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. At the wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(515 \text{nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>515</mn> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> this value amounts to <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.62 \text{ps}/(\text{nm}\bullet \text{km})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.62</mn> <mtext>ps</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>nm</mtext> <mo>∙</mo> <mtext>km</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The measured losses are <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(27.5\pm 0.3 \text{dB}/\text{km}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>27.5</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.3</mn> <mtext>dB</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mtext>km</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at the wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(515\text{ nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>515</mn> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(25.7\pm 0.7 \text{dB}/\text{km}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>25.7</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.7</mn> <mtext>dB</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mtext>km</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at the wavelength of <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1030\text{ nm}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1030</mn> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, which is comparable to the loss of state-of-the-art IC-HCPCFs with tubular cladding structures. The measured bending-induced increase of the confinement losses confirms the potential of the proposed approach for flexible, low-loss guiding of ultrashort laser pulses at the two wavelengths using a single fiber. This gained flexibility can significantly enhance the options for wavelength selection in laser material processing applications.</p>

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Design, fabrication, and characterization of dual-wavelength inhibited-coupling guiding hollow-core fibers

  • Bowen Chen,
  • Tim Kühlthau,
  • Götz Kleem,
  • Thomas Graf,
  • Marwan Abdou Ahmed

摘要

The present paper reports on the design, fabrication, and characterization of an 8-tube inhibited-coupling guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (IC-HCPCF) capable of guiding both the beam emitted from an Yb:YAG laser at the fundamental wavelength of \(\lambda =1030 \text{nm}\) λ = 1030 nm and its second harmonic at \(\lambda =515 \text{nm}\) λ = 515 nm . By controlling the strut thickness of the glass capillaries to approximately \(362 \text{nm}\) 362 nm , the transmission of laser radiation at both wavelengths was possible with low losses. Optimizing the outer diameter of the glass capillaries mitigates the bending-induced increase of the confinement loss at the wavelength of \(515 \text{nm}\) 515 nm without compromising the optical performance of the fiber at the wavelength of \(1030 \text{nm}\) 1030 nm . Experimental results confirm the near to diffraction-limited beam quality \(\left({M}^{2}<1.15\right)\) M 2 < 1.15 of the laser beams exiting the fiber at both operational wavelengths. Operating in the first transmission band at the wavelength of \(1030 \text{nm}\) 1030 nm , the calculated chromatic dispersion is \(1.02 \text{ps}/(\text{nm}\bullet \text{km})\) 1.02 ps / ( nm km ) , despite a diameter of the hollow core of \(40 \mu \text{m}\) 40 μ m . At the wavelength of \(515 \text{nm}\) 515 nm this value amounts to \(0.62 \text{ps}/(\text{nm}\bullet \text{km})\) 0.62 ps / ( nm km ) . The measured losses are \(27.5\pm 0.3 \text{dB}/\text{km}\) 27.5 ± 0.3 dB / km at the wavelength of \(515\text{ nm}\) 515 nm and \(25.7\pm 0.7 \text{dB}/\text{km}\) 25.7 ± 0.7 dB / km at the wavelength of \(1030\text{ nm}\) 1030 nm , which is comparable to the loss of state-of-the-art IC-HCPCFs with tubular cladding structures. The measured bending-induced increase of the confinement losses confirms the potential of the proposed approach for flexible, low-loss guiding of ultrashort laser pulses at the two wavelengths using a single fiber. This gained flexibility can significantly enhance the options for wavelength selection in laser material processing applications.