<p>The&#xa0;temperature dependence of the&#xa0;laser output properties of the&#xa0;Fe:ZnSe single crystal was compared under its excitation by 2.94&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation and by <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4.04&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m gain-switched second Fe:ZnSe laser radiation within the&#xa0;same semi-longitudinal configuration. A non-selective laser cavity consisted of&#xa0;a&#xa0;flat highly reflective mirror at&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4–5&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m and a concave (<i>r</i>&#xa0;=&#xa0;200&#xa0;mm) output coupler with a&#xa0;reflectivity of 88% at <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>3.9<InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>5.3&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m. To&#xa0;keep the&#xa0;energy at&#xa0;both excitation wavelengths the&#xa0;same of&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>9.4&#xa0;mJ, a special filters were used for attenuation of&#xa0;2.94&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m radiation. The&#xa0;output energy almost doubled since the&#xa0;angle between pumping and generated laser radiation was reduced from <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>20<InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="7" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="9" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>12<InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="7" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="9" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The&#xa0;generated laser oscillation wavelength was shifted by&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>100&#xa0;nm in&#xa0;the&#xa0;case of&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4.04&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m compared to&#xa0;excitation by&#xa0;2.94&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m radiation. The&#xa0;maximum laser output energy of&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq23.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>1.7&#xa0;mJ under 2.94&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq24.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m excitation was obtained at&#xa0;78&#xa0;K. However, at&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4.04&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq26.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m pumping, the&#xa0;maximum of&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq27.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0.5&#xa0;mJ was obtained at&#xa0;260&#xa0;K. The&#xa0;efficiency at 2.94&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq28"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq28.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m excitation decreased from <InlineEquation ID="IEq29"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq29.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>33% at&#xa0;78&#xa0;K to&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq30"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq30.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>12% at&#xa0;340&#xa0;K. At&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq31"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq31.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4.04&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq32"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq32.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upmu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m radiation excitation, the&#xa0;efficiency increased from the&#xa0;laser threshold at 120&#xa0;K to&#xa0;its maximum of <InlineEquation ID="IEq33"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8383_Article_IEq33.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>9% at&#xa0;260&#xa0;K.</p>

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Comparison of temperature dependence of Fe:ZnSe laser output properties under semi-longitudinal excitation by 2.94 and \(\sim\)4.04 \({\upmu }\)m radiation

  • Adam Říha,
  • Helena Jelínková,
  • Maxim E. Doroshenko,
  • Michal Němec,
  • Jan Šulc,
  • David Vyhlídal,
  • Dimitriy V. Badikov

摘要

The temperature dependence of the laser output properties of the Fe:ZnSe single crystal was compared under its excitation by 2.94  \({\upmu }\) μ m Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation and by \(\sim\) 4.04  \({\upmu }\) μ m gain-switched second Fe:ZnSe laser radiation within the same semi-longitudinal configuration. A non-selective laser cavity consisted of a flat highly reflective mirror at  \(\sim\) 4–5  \({\upmu }\) μ m and a concave (r = 200 mm) output coupler with a reflectivity of 88% at \(\sim\) 3.9 \(-\) - 5.3  \({\upmu }\) μ m. To keep the energy at both excitation wavelengths the same of  \(\sim\) 9.4 mJ, a special filters were used for attenuation of 2.94  \({\upmu }\) μ m radiation. The output energy almost doubled since the angle between pumping and generated laser radiation was reduced from \(\sim\) 20 \(^{\circ }\) to  \(\sim\) 12 \(^{\circ }\) . The generated laser oscillation wavelength was shifted by  \(\sim\) 100 nm in the case of  \(\sim\) 4.04  \({\upmu }\) μ m compared to excitation by 2.94  \({\upmu }\) μ m radiation. The maximum laser output energy of  \(\sim\) 1.7 mJ under 2.94  \({\upmu }\) μ m excitation was obtained at 78 K. However, at  \(\sim\) 4.04  \({\upmu }\) μ m pumping, the maximum of  \(\sim\) 0.5 mJ was obtained at 260 K. The efficiency at 2.94  \({\upmu }\) μ m excitation decreased from \(\sim\) 33% at 78 K to  \(\sim\) 12% at 340 K. At  \(\sim\) 4.04  \({\upmu }\) μ m radiation excitation, the efficiency increased from the laser threshold at 120 K to its maximum of \(\sim\) 9% at 260 K.