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<p>In this study, novel 2D-ZnO/1D-ZnO:Al-Ni photoanodes were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and hydrothermal methods, and the influence of different auxiliary ligands (hexylamine, hexamethylenediamine, and monoethanolamine) on their structural, optical, and electrochemical properties was investigated. Al-Ni co-doping enhanced c-axis–oriented crystallinity in wurtzite-ZnO, while ligand-assisted growth modified crystallite size. FESEM and AFM confirmed that ligand molecules effectively regulate nanostructure formation and surface roughness. Al–Ni co-doping and ligand-assisted growth tuned the optical band gap of ZnO within the range of 2.70–3.22&#xa0;eV and introduced defect-related trap states. ZnO: Al-Ni-hexamethylenediamine electrode showed reduced charge-transfer resistance from 260 to 136 kΩ. ZnO: Al-Ni-monoethanolamine exhibited the highest stability with a corrosion current density of 73.2 nAcm<sup>-2</sup> and a corrosion rate of 0.49 µmyear<sup>-1</sup>. As a proof of application, DSSCs assembled with the optimized ZnO: Al-Ni-monoethanolamine exhibited an improved efficiency of 2.78%, compared to 0.68% for the reference electrode. Consequently, Al-Ni co-doping and ligand using offer a promising strategy for optimizing stable ZnO-based-photoanodes.</p>

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2D-ZnO/1D-ZnO:Al-Ni photoanodes with enhanced charge transfer and electrochemical stability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • O. Gultepe,
  • U. Yorulmaz,
  • E. Gür,
  • S. Erol,
  • H. Demiral,
  • F. Atay

摘要

In this study, novel 2D-ZnO/1D-ZnO:Al-Ni photoanodes were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and hydrothermal methods, and the influence of different auxiliary ligands (hexylamine, hexamethylenediamine, and monoethanolamine) on their structural, optical, and electrochemical properties was investigated. Al-Ni co-doping enhanced c-axis–oriented crystallinity in wurtzite-ZnO, while ligand-assisted growth modified crystallite size. FESEM and AFM confirmed that ligand molecules effectively regulate nanostructure formation and surface roughness. Al–Ni co-doping and ligand-assisted growth tuned the optical band gap of ZnO within the range of 2.70–3.22 eV and introduced defect-related trap states. ZnO: Al-Ni-hexamethylenediamine electrode showed reduced charge-transfer resistance from 260 to 136 kΩ. ZnO: Al-Ni-monoethanolamine exhibited the highest stability with a corrosion current density of 73.2 nAcm-2 and a corrosion rate of 0.49 µmyear-1. As a proof of application, DSSCs assembled with the optimized ZnO: Al-Ni-monoethanolamine exhibited an improved efficiency of 2.78%, compared to 0.68% for the reference electrode. Consequently, Al-Ni co-doping and ligand using offer a promising strategy for optimizing stable ZnO-based-photoanodes.