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<p>A series of borate–silicate glasses was synthesized using the conventional melt-quenching technique. The series included an undoped base glass (S0), an Eu₂O₃-containing glass with 0.5&#xa0;mol% Eu₂O₃ (S1), and Eu₂O₃–NiO co-doped glasses (S2–S4) in which NiO was systematically varied from 0.25 to 1.00&#xa0;mol% while maintaining a fixed Eu₂O₃ content of 0.5&#xa0;mol%. The physical, optical, and radiation shielding characteristics were systematically investigated. The density increased from 3.0467 to 3.2099&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup> with a corresponding decrease in molar volume, indicating enhanced structural compactness. Optical analysis showed a reduction in direct and indirect band gaps from 3.22 to 3.05&#xa0;eV and from 3.08 to 2.88&#xa0;eV, respectively, accompanied by an increase in Urbach energy from 0.14 to 0.28&#xa0;eV, suggesting increased structural disorder and the formation of localized states. Radiation shielding performance was evaluated using Phy-X/PSD over 0.015–15&#xa0;MeV. The attenuation behavior followed the expected transition between photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and pair production. A clear improvement in shielding efficiency was observed with increasing NiO content, where the HVL at 0.662&#xa0;MeV decreased to 2.58&#xa0;cm for the S4 sample, outperforming several previously reported shielding materials. Slight enhancements in Z<sub>eff</sub> and FNRCS were also obtained. These improvements are attributed to increased electron density and structural compactness. The results demonstrate that controlled NiO incorporation at fixed Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>content effectively enhances both optical and radiation shielding properties, highlighting the potential of the developed glasses for transparent, lead-free radiation protection applications.</p>

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Tailoring optical and gamma-ray attenuation properties of Eu2O3–NiO Co-Doped Borate–Silicate Glasses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Norah A. M. Alsaif,
  • Hanan Al-Ghamdi,
  • F. F. Alharbi,
  • T. Alshahrani,
  • R. A. Elsad,
  • Asmaa E. Abu-Rayan

摘要

A series of borate–silicate glasses was synthesized using the conventional melt-quenching technique. The series included an undoped base glass (S0), an Eu₂O₃-containing glass with 0.5 mol% Eu₂O₃ (S1), and Eu₂O₃–NiO co-doped glasses (S2–S4) in which NiO was systematically varied from 0.25 to 1.00 mol% while maintaining a fixed Eu₂O₃ content of 0.5 mol%. The physical, optical, and radiation shielding characteristics were systematically investigated. The density increased from 3.0467 to 3.2099 g/cm3 with a corresponding decrease in molar volume, indicating enhanced structural compactness. Optical analysis showed a reduction in direct and indirect band gaps from 3.22 to 3.05 eV and from 3.08 to 2.88 eV, respectively, accompanied by an increase in Urbach energy from 0.14 to 0.28 eV, suggesting increased structural disorder and the formation of localized states. Radiation shielding performance was evaluated using Phy-X/PSD over 0.015–15 MeV. The attenuation behavior followed the expected transition between photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and pair production. A clear improvement in shielding efficiency was observed with increasing NiO content, where the HVL at 0.662 MeV decreased to 2.58 cm for the S4 sample, outperforming several previously reported shielding materials. Slight enhancements in Zeff and FNRCS were also obtained. These improvements are attributed to increased electron density and structural compactness. The results demonstrate that controlled NiO incorporation at fixed Eu2O3content effectively enhances both optical and radiation shielding properties, highlighting the potential of the developed glasses for transparent, lead-free radiation protection applications.