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<p>A compact single-band resistively loaded metamaterial absorber (MMA) operating at 1.8&#xa0;GHz is proposed for high efficiency RF to DC energy conversion. The polarization insensitive unit cell reaches near-unity absorption of 99.93% with angular stability up to 60º, while retaining a compact dimension of 0.144λ × 0.144λ × 0.01λ. Optimally located lumped resistive loads improve RF power extraction and surface-impedance analysis shows near-perfect matching at resonance. An equivalent circuit model created in Advanced Design System (ADS) exhibits very good agreement with the full-wave CST response, as validated through the S<sub>11</sub> characteristic. The absorber can achieve an RF to AC conversion efficiency of 97.73% at 1.8&#xa0;GHz. Surface current and electric field distribution reveal the mechanism of the underlying resonance and energy dissipation process. Parametric investigations are further used to prove the robustness of the proposed architecture. An impedance-matched rectifier was designed and evaluated using ADS Harmonic Balance simulation, giving a peak simulated AC-to-DC efficiency of 74.52% at an optimum load resistance of 2.8 kΩ. Combining this simulated rectifier performance with the absorber’s RF-to-AC conversion efficiency gives an overall simulated power conversion efficiency of 72.83% at 5 dBm input power. A fabricated MMA prototype was experimentally characterized to validate the absorption response, and the measured absorption shows good agreement with the full-wave simulation.</p>

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High-efficiency RF to DC energy conversion based on a compact polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Md. Murad Kabir Nipun,
  • Md. Jahedul Islam

摘要

A compact single-band resistively loaded metamaterial absorber (MMA) operating at 1.8 GHz is proposed for high efficiency RF to DC energy conversion. The polarization insensitive unit cell reaches near-unity absorption of 99.93% with angular stability up to 60º, while retaining a compact dimension of 0.144λ × 0.144λ × 0.01λ. Optimally located lumped resistive loads improve RF power extraction and surface-impedance analysis shows near-perfect matching at resonance. An equivalent circuit model created in Advanced Design System (ADS) exhibits very good agreement with the full-wave CST response, as validated through the S11 characteristic. The absorber can achieve an RF to AC conversion efficiency of 97.73% at 1.8 GHz. Surface current and electric field distribution reveal the mechanism of the underlying resonance and energy dissipation process. Parametric investigations are further used to prove the robustness of the proposed architecture. An impedance-matched rectifier was designed and evaluated using ADS Harmonic Balance simulation, giving a peak simulated AC-to-DC efficiency of 74.52% at an optimum load resistance of 2.8 kΩ. Combining this simulated rectifier performance with the absorber’s RF-to-AC conversion efficiency gives an overall simulated power conversion efficiency of 72.83% at 5 dBm input power. A fabricated MMA prototype was experimentally characterized to validate the absorption response, and the measured absorption shows good agreement with the full-wave simulation.