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<p>Antibacterial activity is the ability of a material to inhibit or eliminate bacterial growth, making it essential for medical and environmental applications. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has heightened global demand for innovative antimicrobial solutions. Nanomaterials, such as ferrite nanoparticles, have shown promising results in this field. These materials possess unique properties, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, tailorable physicochemical properties, and molecular-level interactions with bacterial membranes, enabling them to interact effectively with bacterial membranes. In this study, the sol-gel auto-combustion technique was used to synthesize a series of Co<sub>1-x</sub>Ni<sub>x</sub>Cd<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> powder compositions, with <i>x</i> values of 0.0, 0.4, and 0.8. Samples were calcined at 550&#xa0;°C for three hours. The effect of Ni<sup>2+</sup> ion substitution on the material’s properties, including structural, dielectric, magnetic, and bacterial interaction, was investigated. X-ray diffraction results showed that the particles exhibited a spinel structure, with particle sizes ranging from 37.90&#xa0;nm to 39.73&#xa0;nm, as determined by the Scherrer equation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy also revealed specific frequency bands corresponding to vibrations at both octahedral and tetrahedral sites <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upnu}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation><sub><b>2</b></sub> (381–371&#xa0;cm<sup>-1</sup>) and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\upnu}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation><sub><b>1</b></sub> (577–564&#xa0;cm<sup>-1</sup>) sites, respectively. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited polyhedral shapes and nanoscale cluster aggregation. The particle size increases from 39.40&#xa0;nm at (<i>x</i> = 0) to 53.41&#xa0;nm upon fully substituting Ni<sup>2+</sup> (<i>x</i> = 0.8). Dielectric results also showed a gradual decrease in the dielectric function with increasing frequency, which can be explained by models such as the Maxwell-Wagner and Cobb models. In contrast, Co<sub>0.4</sub>Ni<sub>0.4</sub>Cd<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> compound exhibits pronounced stirring behavior, with significantly low dielectric loss. Its low dielectric loss makes it ideal for high-frequency applications in electrical circuits, particularly in high-temperature environments. Magnetic properties were examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer; the compounds exhibited soft ferromagnetic behavior, with magnetic saturation and coercive force decreasing with increasing <i>x</i> from (63.90 to 28.70) emu/g and (2139.93 to 209.85) Oe at <i>x</i> = 0 and 0.8, respectively. Testing this composite as an antibacterial using agar-well diffusion showed that <i>S. pneumoniae</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> were the most sensitive, whereas <i>E. coli</i> showed the highest resistance. Notably, the nanoparticles with <i>x</i> = 0.8 exhibited the weakest antibacterial effect among all samples. In summary, the findings demonstrate that substituting cations within the cubic spinel lattice significantly influences the structural, electrical, magnetic, and antibacterial characteristics of ferrite nanoparticles.</p>

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Structural, magnetic, and antibacterial properties of Co1−xNixCd0.2Fe2O4 ferrite nanocomposites: The role of nickel substitution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Hanaa Sh. Ahmed,
  • Salah R. Saeed,
  • Ali M. Mohammad

摘要

Antibacterial activity is the ability of a material to inhibit or eliminate bacterial growth, making it essential for medical and environmental applications. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has heightened global demand for innovative antimicrobial solutions. Nanomaterials, such as ferrite nanoparticles, have shown promising results in this field. These materials possess unique properties, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, tailorable physicochemical properties, and molecular-level interactions with bacterial membranes, enabling them to interact effectively with bacterial membranes. In this study, the sol-gel auto-combustion technique was used to synthesize a series of Co1-xNixCd0.2Fe2O4 powder compositions, with x values of 0.0, 0.4, and 0.8. Samples were calcined at 550 °C for three hours. The effect of Ni2+ ion substitution on the material’s properties, including structural, dielectric, magnetic, and bacterial interaction, was investigated. X-ray diffraction results showed that the particles exhibited a spinel structure, with particle sizes ranging from 37.90 nm to 39.73 nm, as determined by the Scherrer equation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy also revealed specific frequency bands corresponding to vibrations at both octahedral and tetrahedral sites \({\upnu}\) 2 (381–371 cm-1) and \({\upnu}\) 1 (577–564 cm-1) sites, respectively. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited polyhedral shapes and nanoscale cluster aggregation. The particle size increases from 39.40 nm at (x = 0) to 53.41 nm upon fully substituting Ni2+ (x = 0.8). Dielectric results also showed a gradual decrease in the dielectric function with increasing frequency, which can be explained by models such as the Maxwell-Wagner and Cobb models. In contrast, Co0.4Ni0.4Cd0.2Fe2O4 compound exhibits pronounced stirring behavior, with significantly low dielectric loss. Its low dielectric loss makes it ideal for high-frequency applications in electrical circuits, particularly in high-temperature environments. Magnetic properties were examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer; the compounds exhibited soft ferromagnetic behavior, with magnetic saturation and coercive force decreasing with increasing x from (63.90 to 28.70) emu/g and (2139.93 to 209.85) Oe at x = 0 and 0.8, respectively. Testing this composite as an antibacterial using agar-well diffusion showed that S. pneumoniae and A. baumannii were the most sensitive, whereas E. coli showed the highest resistance. Notably, the nanoparticles with x = 0.8 exhibited the weakest antibacterial effect among all samples. In summary, the findings demonstrate that substituting cations within the cubic spinel lattice significantly influences the structural, electrical, magnetic, and antibacterial characteristics of ferrite nanoparticles.