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<p>Because of the importance of tungsten oxides in optical applications such as photo electronics and smart windows, we conducted this research. The nanocomposite tungsten oxide was synthesized by sol-gel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the compound showed that it had two phases: monoclinic and hexagonal. This distinguished structure impacted the whole characteristics of the compound. Octahedral distortion has been investigated. The trigonal distortion indicates a stretching or compression of the octahedron along one of its threefold axes, while the rhombohedral distortion indicates a uniform compression or elongation along the same axis, leading to a change in the angles of the rhombohedral unit cell. These distortions directly influence the electronic band structure of WO₃, which is crucial for its catalytic performance. The reflectance spectrum reveals low overall reflectivity across the UV–Vis–NIR range (200–2500&#xa0;nm), with a prominent peak observed near ~ 280&#xa0;nm, indicating strong interaction with UV photons. Tauc plot analysis based on the Kubelka–Munk function was employed to estimate the optical band gaps. Two transitions were identified: a low indirect band gap E<sub>g1</sub> = 2.29&#xa0;eV, and a high indirect band gap E<sub>g2</sub> = 4.52&#xa0;eV, confirming the semiconductor nature of the material with potential for optoelectronic and smart windows applications. The refractive index reaches a maximum of <i>n</i> ≈ 9.2 near 300&#xa0;nm and decreases toward longer wavelengths, signifying strong optical polarization and dielectric response in the high-energy region. The shift in absorption bands is found in the FTIR spectrum, and those shifts were attributed to synthesis methods, surface area, crystallinity, and particle size. No bands have been observed for the OH group, which means that the material did not absorb any water; the material is hydrophobic, which may be used in applications of self-cleaning surface coatings for windows and solar cells, according to its high transparency.</p>

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Sol-gel derived monoclinic@hexagonal tungsten oxide nanocomposite for optoelectronic and smart windows applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Mahrous R. Ahmed,
  • Naglaa AbdelAll,
  • Ghada A. Khouqeer,
  • Abdalrahman M. Rayan

摘要

Because of the importance of tungsten oxides in optical applications such as photo electronics and smart windows, we conducted this research. The nanocomposite tungsten oxide was synthesized by sol-gel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the compound showed that it had two phases: monoclinic and hexagonal. This distinguished structure impacted the whole characteristics of the compound. Octahedral distortion has been investigated. The trigonal distortion indicates a stretching or compression of the octahedron along one of its threefold axes, while the rhombohedral distortion indicates a uniform compression or elongation along the same axis, leading to a change in the angles of the rhombohedral unit cell. These distortions directly influence the electronic band structure of WO₃, which is crucial for its catalytic performance. The reflectance spectrum reveals low overall reflectivity across the UV–Vis–NIR range (200–2500 nm), with a prominent peak observed near ~ 280 nm, indicating strong interaction with UV photons. Tauc plot analysis based on the Kubelka–Munk function was employed to estimate the optical band gaps. Two transitions were identified: a low indirect band gap Eg1 = 2.29 eV, and a high indirect band gap Eg2 = 4.52 eV, confirming the semiconductor nature of the material with potential for optoelectronic and smart windows applications. The refractive index reaches a maximum of n ≈ 9.2 near 300 nm and decreases toward longer wavelengths, signifying strong optical polarization and dielectric response in the high-energy region. The shift in absorption bands is found in the FTIR spectrum, and those shifts were attributed to synthesis methods, surface area, crystallinity, and particle size. No bands have been observed for the OH group, which means that the material did not absorb any water; the material is hydrophobic, which may be used in applications of self-cleaning surface coatings for windows and solar cells, according to its high transparency.