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<p>This study combines an experimental investigation of alternating current (AC) conductivity in ferroelectric BaTiO<sub>3</sub>with an in-depth theoretical analysis based on the small polaron tunneling SPT conduction mechanism. The theoretical approach employs the numerical probe methodology (NPM) to provide a microscopic interpretation of trapped charge carrier (electron/hole) behavior. The findings, which hold both academic and industrial value, successfully elucidate the lattice deformation process (reverse piezoelectricity) under variable frequency excitation within the tetragonal ferroelectric domain. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the piezoelectric phenomenon in BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and addresses long-standing fundamental questions regarding the interplay between piezoelectricity and small polarons in such ferroelectric perovskite oxides. A spectral distribution is shown to accompany each phase of the process, detailing the repulsion and attraction dynamics between the Ti and O atomic sites. We identify two key frequencies,<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\:{\omega\:}_{o}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\omega\:}_{c}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, which allow the piezoelectric elasticity rate<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:(\varDelta\:\omega\:(T)={\omega\:}_{o}(T)-{\omega\:}_{c})\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the material to be controlled as a function of temperature. Microscopically controlling the piezoelectric phenomenon in this multifunctional, eco-friendly material allows for the reinforcement of its piezoelectricity. Moreover, the established theoretical approach can be generalized to other perovskite oxides belonging to the same family as BaTiO<sub>3,</sub> pending experimental verification.</p>

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Microscopic investigations of the interplay between activation energy & tunnel factor to enhance piezoelectricity in BaTiO3

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

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  • Henda Abassi,
  • Nada Hmida,
  • Ram Sundar Maurya,
  • Upendra Kumar,
  • N. Amdouni,
  • H. Bouchriha

摘要

This study combines an experimental investigation of alternating current (AC) conductivity in ferroelectric BaTiO3with an in-depth theoretical analysis based on the small polaron tunneling SPT conduction mechanism. The theoretical approach employs the numerical probe methodology (NPM) to provide a microscopic interpretation of trapped charge carrier (electron/hole) behavior. The findings, which hold both academic and industrial value, successfully elucidate the lattice deformation process (reverse piezoelectricity) under variable frequency excitation within the tetragonal ferroelectric domain. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the piezoelectric phenomenon in BaTiO3 and addresses long-standing fundamental questions regarding the interplay between piezoelectricity and small polarons in such ferroelectric perovskite oxides. A spectral distribution is shown to accompany each phase of the process, detailing the repulsion and attraction dynamics between the Ti and O atomic sites. We identify two key frequencies, \(\:\:{\omega\:}_{o}\) and \(\:{\omega\:}_{c}\) , which allow the piezoelectric elasticity rate \(\:(\varDelta\:\omega\:(T)={\omega\:}_{o}(T)-{\omega\:}_{c})\) of the material to be controlled as a function of temperature. Microscopically controlling the piezoelectric phenomenon in this multifunctional, eco-friendly material allows for the reinforcement of its piezoelectricity. Moreover, the established theoretical approach can be generalized to other perovskite oxides belonging to the same family as BaTiO3, pending experimental verification.