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<p>Bi<sub>3</sub>NbTiO<sub>9</sub> (BNT) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a controlled wet-chemical co-precipitation route using high-purity precursors, followed by calcination at 800&#xa0;°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of a single-phase orthorhombic Aurivillius-type layered perovskite structure with the <i>A2₁am</i> space group, while the average crystallite size was estimated to be 45&#xa0;nm. Raman spectral analysis revealed distinct vibrational modes corresponding to the (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2+</sup> layers and (TiO<sub>6</sub>/NbO<sub>6</sub>) octahedral slabs, indicative of a non-centrosymmetric structure favorable for ferroelectric polarization. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated nearly spherical, uniformly dispersed nanoparticles, and XPS analysis verified the oxidation states Bi<sup>3+</sup>, Nb<sup>5+</sup>, and Ti<sup>4+</sup>, along with surface oxygen vacancies beneficial for photocatalytic processes. Optical studies using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) showed a strong absorption edge around 380&#xa0;nm with a direct band gap of 2.56&#xa0;eV. The photocatalytic performance of BNT was evaluated through Rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation under visible light irradiation, achieving an efficiency of ~ 36% within 70&#xa0;min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0009950&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup>. The moderate yet promising photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to efficient electron–hole pair generation, oxygen-vacancy-assisted charge separation, and structural stability. These findings demonstrate that Bi<sub>3</sub>NbTiO<sub>9</sub> nanoparticles are potential multifunctional materials for visible-light-driven photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications.</p>

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Influence of surface oxygen vacancies on the photocatalytic activity of Aurivillius-type Bi3NbTiO9 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • V. Poli Reddy,
  • P. Lokanatha Reddy,
  • Mallikharjuna Rao Darla,
  • Naresh Babu Gatchakayala,
  • S. Gouthamsri,
  • Manjula Bharathi Nagulapati,
  • Kavuluri Pushpalatha,
  • D. Maheswara Reddy,
  • N. Manohar Reddy

摘要

Bi3NbTiO9 (BNT) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a controlled wet-chemical co-precipitation route using high-purity precursors, followed by calcination at 800 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of a single-phase orthorhombic Aurivillius-type layered perovskite structure with the A2₁am space group, while the average crystallite size was estimated to be 45 nm. Raman spectral analysis revealed distinct vibrational modes corresponding to the (Bi2O2)2+ layers and (TiO6/NbO6) octahedral slabs, indicative of a non-centrosymmetric structure favorable for ferroelectric polarization. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated nearly spherical, uniformly dispersed nanoparticles, and XPS analysis verified the oxidation states Bi3+, Nb5+, and Ti4+, along with surface oxygen vacancies beneficial for photocatalytic processes. Optical studies using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) showed a strong absorption edge around 380 nm with a direct band gap of 2.56 eV. The photocatalytic performance of BNT was evaluated through Rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation under visible light irradiation, achieving an efficiency of ~ 36% within 70 min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0009950 min− 1. The moderate yet promising photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to efficient electron–hole pair generation, oxygen-vacancy-assisted charge separation, and structural stability. These findings demonstrate that Bi3NbTiO9 nanoparticles are potential multifunctional materials for visible-light-driven photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications.