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<p>This work investigated the effect of arc deposition strategy on the interface characteristics and mechanical properties of 316&#xa0;L/Inconel625 laminated structures fabricated by CMT + P wire arc additive manufacturing. Four distinct strategies were designed to control the thermal history and remelting behavior at periodic heterogeneous interfaces. All strategies yielded interfaces with sound metallurgical bonding, primarily characterized by columnar dendrites and equiaxed grains of γ-austenite. The solidification mode shift in the 316&#xa0;L layer, where the remelting of the former deposited Inconel625 layer promoted the formation of δ-ferrite. Elemental diffusion and the width of the interfacial transition zone were directly governed by the arc direction relative to the interface, with vertical multi-layer deposition (VMD) promoting the widest intermixing. Consequently, mechanical anisotropy varied significantly. The horizontal multi-layer deposited (HMD) sample showed the strongest anisotropy with a vertical-direction tensile strength of only 345.7&#xa0;MPa, while the LGD-Ss sample achieved the highest strength of 644.2&#xa0;MPa in the welding direction. These results establish a clear process-microstructure-property relationship, demonstrating that arc scanning path is a critical factor in control interface microstructure and mitigating mechanical anisotropy in multi-material WAAM components.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Arc deposition strategy on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316 L/Inconel625 laminated heterogeneous structure fabricated by wire Arc additive manufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Nannan Ren,
  • Zihao Fan ,
  • Kun Zhao,
  • Gang Liu,
  • Qunshuang Ma

摘要

This work investigated the effect of arc deposition strategy on the interface characteristics and mechanical properties of 316 L/Inconel625 laminated structures fabricated by CMT + P wire arc additive manufacturing. Four distinct strategies were designed to control the thermal history and remelting behavior at periodic heterogeneous interfaces. All strategies yielded interfaces with sound metallurgical bonding, primarily characterized by columnar dendrites and equiaxed grains of γ-austenite. The solidification mode shift in the 316 L layer, where the remelting of the former deposited Inconel625 layer promoted the formation of δ-ferrite. Elemental diffusion and the width of the interfacial transition zone were directly governed by the arc direction relative to the interface, with vertical multi-layer deposition (VMD) promoting the widest intermixing. Consequently, mechanical anisotropy varied significantly. The horizontal multi-layer deposited (HMD) sample showed the strongest anisotropy with a vertical-direction tensile strength of only 345.7 MPa, while the LGD-Ss sample achieved the highest strength of 644.2 MPa in the welding direction. These results establish a clear process-microstructure-property relationship, demonstrating that arc scanning path is a critical factor in control interface microstructure and mitigating mechanical anisotropy in multi-material WAAM components.

Graphical Abstract