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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable electronic devices requires biodegradable and flexible substrates. Conventional materials such as PI and PDMS are non-degradable and contribute to electronic waste (e-waste), highlighting the need for an eco-friendly alternative with high electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. In this study, konjac-glucomannan (KGM)-based laser-induced graphene (LIG) was used to demonstrate the feasibility of a fully degradable, flexible, and transparent substrate for sensors. LIG is synthesized by laser irradiation, to form a conductive graphene network. In addition, the formation mechanism of LIG was investigated by analyzing the carbon ring structure and gas evolution through ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the temperature from 2000 to 3500&#xa0;K. The simulation results confirmed the generation of gases such as CO, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\text{H}}_{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, while the carbon ring structure analysis revealed the formation of 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings within LIG. This distribution of carbon rings was experimentally validated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, water solubility test showed that the substrate completely degraded within 2 days under specific environmental conditions. This study highlights KGM-based LIG as a promising alternative for sustainable electronics that provides a viable solution to e-waste while maintaining the functionality for sensing applications.</p>

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Direct laser-induced graphene formation on konjac-glucomannan and its molecular dynamics simulations : toward soluble electrochemical sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Chan Su Moon,
  • Cheol Hwan Kim,
  • Sung Yeob Jeong,
  • Bo Sung Shin

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable electronic devices requires biodegradable and flexible substrates. Conventional materials such as PI and PDMS are non-degradable and contribute to electronic waste (e-waste), highlighting the need for an eco-friendly alternative with high electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. In this study, konjac-glucomannan (KGM)-based laser-induced graphene (LIG) was used to demonstrate the feasibility of a fully degradable, flexible, and transparent substrate for sensors. LIG is synthesized by laser irradiation, to form a conductive graphene network. In addition, the formation mechanism of LIG was investigated by analyzing the carbon ring structure and gas evolution through ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the temperature from 2000 to 3500 K. The simulation results confirmed the generation of gases such as CO, \(\:{\text{H}}_{2}\) , and \(\:{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}\) , while the carbon ring structure analysis revealed the formation of 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings within LIG. This distribution of carbon rings was experimentally validated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, water solubility test showed that the substrate completely degraded within 2 days under specific environmental conditions. This study highlights KGM-based LIG as a promising alternative for sustainable electronics that provides a viable solution to e-waste while maintaining the functionality for sensing applications.