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<p>This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of a thioglycolic acid (TGA) functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO) with enhanced nonlinear optical (NLO) properties for advanced optical applications. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful preparation of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, the incorporation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles onto the GO surface, and the effective attachment of a TGA ligand. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images confirmed the formation of well-defined nanostructures, At the same time, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns verified the presence of the face-centered cubic (fcc) spinel phase of Fe₃O₄, with an average nanoparticle crystal size of approximately 10&#xa0;nm. Raman spectroscopy indicated an increased I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> ratio (in both Fe₃O₄/GO and TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO) compared to GO affirming increased defect density induced by Fe₃O₄ decoration and subsequent TGA functionalization. The measured surface area and the saturation magnetization values of TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO nanocomposite were 57.24&#xa0;m²/g and 11.90 emu/g, respectively. Furthermore, NLO characterization of the TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO nanocomposite using the Z-scan technique under continuous-wave (CW) 532&#xa0;nm excitation reveals strong third-order nonlinear behavior. The open-aperture (OA) traces exhibit pronounced two photon absorption (TPA), reflected in nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficients, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\beta\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on the order of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{-3}\:cm/W\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Closed-aperture (CA) measurements show a clear peak–valley signature that increases with both power and concentration, confirming a positive nonlinear refractive (NLR) response and the occurrence of self-focusing, with <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{n}_{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> values in the <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{-7}{cm}^{2}/W\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> range. The corresponding third-order susceptibilities <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\left|{\chi\:}^{\left(3\right)}\right|\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the range of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{10}^{-6}\left(esu\right)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>indicate a highly responsive nonlinear system. The figures of merit (<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:W&gt;\:1\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:T&lt;\:1\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) further verify that the nanocomposite meets the criteria required for effective CW optical limiting and switching.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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TGA functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite: A study of structural characterization and nonlinear optical properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Maryam Zounia,
  • Ahad Amiri,
  • Zahra Dehghani,
  • Mohsen Hakimi,
  • Mohamad Reza Samadzadeh Yazdi,
  • Hakimeh Zare

摘要

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of a thioglycolic acid (TGA) functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO) with enhanced nonlinear optical (NLO) properties for advanced optical applications. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful preparation of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, the incorporation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles onto the GO surface, and the effective attachment of a TGA ligand. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images confirmed the formation of well-defined nanostructures, At the same time, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns verified the presence of the face-centered cubic (fcc) spinel phase of Fe₃O₄, with an average nanoparticle crystal size of approximately 10 nm. Raman spectroscopy indicated an increased ID/IG ratio (in both Fe₃O₄/GO and TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO) compared to GO affirming increased defect density induced by Fe₃O₄ decoration and subsequent TGA functionalization. The measured surface area and the saturation magnetization values of TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO nanocomposite were 57.24 m²/g and 11.90 emu/g, respectively. Furthermore, NLO characterization of the TGA/Fe₃O₄/GO nanocomposite using the Z-scan technique under continuous-wave (CW) 532 nm excitation reveals strong third-order nonlinear behavior. The open-aperture (OA) traces exhibit pronounced two photon absorption (TPA), reflected in nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficients, \(\:\beta\:\) on the order of \(\:{10}^{-3}\:cm/W\) . Closed-aperture (CA) measurements show a clear peak–valley signature that increases with both power and concentration, confirming a positive nonlinear refractive (NLR) response and the occurrence of self-focusing, with \(\:{n}_{2}\) values in the \(\:{10}^{-7}{cm}^{2}/W\) range. The corresponding third-order susceptibilities \(\:\left|{\chi\:}^{\left(3\right)}\right|\) in the range of \(\:{10}^{-6}\left(esu\right)\) indicate a highly responsive nonlinear system. The figures of merit ( \(\:W>\:1\:\) and \(\:T<\:1\) ) further verify that the nanocomposite meets the criteria required for effective CW optical limiting and switching.

Graphical Abstract