Green synthesis of Gold nanoparticles via Annona muricata fruit extract: antioxidant, and antidiabetic potential
摘要
Applying green synthesis methods to produce nanoparticles is a crucial strategy to minimise the negative effects sometimes associated with traditional processes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)s were synthesised using Annona muricata fruit extract. The nanoparticles were further examined using several analytical methods, including UV–Vis, FTIR spectroscopy, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, and zeta potential. They were analyzed for their antioxidant and antidiabetic characteristics. The effective synthesis of the AuNPs was visually confirmed by a gradual change in colour, starting from a pale yellow to a deep ruby red hue. The UV–Vis spectra exhibited a distinct peak at 530 nm, confirming the initial validation of the biosynthesised AuNPs. The FTIR spectrum was utilized to identify various functional groups that could potentially participate in the synthesis, Stabilisation, and capping of AuNPs. The FE-SEM image revealed the presence of AuNPs exhibiting a combination of spherical and triangular morphologies, with dimensions ranging from 30 to 40 nm without aggregation. TEM confirmed the spherical morphology, while XRD analysis highlighted the crystalline structure, and zeta potential confirmed the stability of the particles. DPPH, total antioxidant and ABTS methods were used to measure the antioxidant properties of A. muricata, AuNPs, and gallic acid, respectively. AuNPs showed higher free radical scavenging activity IC50 values of 25 µg/mL, 22 µg/mL, and 20 µg/mL compared to 30 µg/mL, 28 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL for Gallic acid and 45 µg/mL, 40 µg/mL, 48 µg/mL for A. muricata aqueous extract, respectively. Nanoparticles exhibited α-glucosidase strong inhibition of IC50 of 43 μg/mL and α-amylase inhibition with IC50 of 36 μg/mL, compared to fruit extracts. AuNPs synthesised by green methods exhibited the strongest antioxidant and antidiabetic properties compared to a plant extract. AuNPs prepared using A. muricata can be enhanced by modifying their surfaces with targeting molecules, thereby improving their precision in delivering drugs to diseased cells and increasing their therapeutic efficacy, which paves the way towards safer and targeted nanotherapies for chronic diseases.