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<p>The removal of dyes from water, especially in wastewater treatment, is a critical environmental concern. This study demonstrates the efficient removal of dyes by adsorption and photocatalysis with Li-incorporated TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes (Li-TNTAs) unannealed (~ 28&#xa0;°C) and annealed at temperatures 250&#xa0;°C and 600&#xa0;°C. The annealing temperature significantly influences their structure, causing phase transitions and morphological shifts from tubular to interlocking structures, enhancing adsorption and photocatalytic performance. A dye removal of 99% in 10&#xa0;min for Malachite Green dye by photocatalysis and 95.9% in 15&#xa0;min by adsorption is achieved for Li-TNTA annealed at 600&#xa0;°C. Kinetic and isothermal adsorption studies, along with pH effects (acidic, neutral and alkaline) in relation to the zeta potential of Li-TNTAs, are presented. Cyclic stability studies highlight the superiority of photocatalytic degradation over adsorptive removal during continuous use. For Li-TNTA annealed at 600&#xa0;°C, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency remains stable over four consecutive cycles, whereas the adsorptive removal efficiency declines by 7.1% over the same number of cycles. Structural, morphological, compositional, and optical changes of Li-TNTAs, due to annealing are explored using various characterization techniques, with findings correlated to dye removal efficiency.</p>

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The effect of annealing temperature on Li incorporated TiO2 nanotubes for photocatalytic and adsorptive removal of malachite green dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月21日

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  • Priya S. Nair,
  • Hiba Rahman E,
  • Aijo John,
  • Sadasivan Shaji,
  • Shinoj V. K,
  • Rachel Reena Philip

摘要

The removal of dyes from water, especially in wastewater treatment, is a critical environmental concern. This study demonstrates the efficient removal of dyes by adsorption and photocatalysis with Li-incorporated TiO2 nanotubes (Li-TNTAs) unannealed (~ 28 °C) and annealed at temperatures 250 °C and 600 °C. The annealing temperature significantly influences their structure, causing phase transitions and morphological shifts from tubular to interlocking structures, enhancing adsorption and photocatalytic performance. A dye removal of 99% in 10 min for Malachite Green dye by photocatalysis and 95.9% in 15 min by adsorption is achieved for Li-TNTA annealed at 600 °C. Kinetic and isothermal adsorption studies, along with pH effects (acidic, neutral and alkaline) in relation to the zeta potential of Li-TNTAs, are presented. Cyclic stability studies highlight the superiority of photocatalytic degradation over adsorptive removal during continuous use. For Li-TNTA annealed at 600 °C, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency remains stable over four consecutive cycles, whereas the adsorptive removal efficiency declines by 7.1% over the same number of cycles. Structural, morphological, compositional, and optical changes of Li-TNTAs, due to annealing are explored using various characterization techniques, with findings correlated to dye removal efficiency.