Exploring the spectroscopic and structural properties of B₂O₃-ZnF₂-CaF₂-Al₂O₃ glass matrices doped with Sm3⁺ ions
摘要
In this research, B₂O₃-ZnF₂-CaF₂-Al₂O₃ glasses were first produced using the melt quenching process. Second, by addition of Sm2O3, these glasses were doped with Sm3⁺ ions. Third, to explore the effect of these ions on the properties of the doped glasses, spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) transmission, optical absorption, and luminescence spectroscopy were used. The XRD patterns confirm the amorphous nature of the studied glasses. The FT-IR spectra indicate the presence of numerous borate functional groups. The optical absorption spectra reveal various transitions of Sm3⁺ ions; specifically, ⁶P₃/₂, 4 M₁₅/₂ + 4I₁₁/₂, ⁶F₉/₂, ⁶F₇/₂, ⁶F₅/₂, ⁶F₃/₂, ⁶H₁₅/₂, and ⁶F₁/₂. Direct, indirect, and Urbach energy band gaps were computed from the optical absorption spectra, and the nephelauxetic ratio was calculated to evaluate the bonding nature of the doped glasses, as well as the Judd–Ofelt parameters. The luminescence spectra revealed four emission transitions: ⁶H₅/₂, ⁶H₇/₂, ⁶H₉/₂, and ⁶H₁₁/₂, with the 4G₅ → ⁶H₇/₂ transition (falling within the orange-red zone) having the highest intensity. The radiative transition probability