<p>With the rising demand for non-invasive, continuous glucose monitoring systems, this work focuses on developing an accurate and efficient solution using a QuadRing-based resonator sensor. The ability to detect blood glucose levels without invasive techniques is crucial for managing diabetes and other health conditions. While several glucose sensors exist, many suffer from lower sensitivity, inaccurate readings due to environmental interference, or complex calibration requirements. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to design and test a QuadRing-based RF resonator sensor capable of detecting glucose levels with high sensitivity and accuracy using return loss shifts and dielectric characterization. Scattering parameters (S11) were measured, and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model was applied to improve the accuracy of glucose detection across various concentrations. Fabrication and return loss measurements were performed on physical phantoms, and the sensor’s performance was evaluated against simulated and measured results in an air medium. The sensor exhibited a relative sensitivity of 8.18%, with a high-quality factor (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="339_2025_8478_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Q \ge 10$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) ranging from <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="339_2025_8478_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$12.40$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>12.40</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at 70 mg/dL to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="339_2025_8478_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$11.27$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>11.27</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at 130 mg/dL, demonstrating its ability to detect glucose concentration changes accurately. Return Loss shifts correlated well with increasing glucose levels from 70 to 130 mg/dL, with minimal deviations, indicating the sensor’s high sensitivity to dielectric property variations caused by glucose. This work represents a step forward in non-invasive glucose monitoring, offering a promising solution with higher sensitivity and accuracy. The sensor’s reliable performance could significantly improve diabetes management and lead to more advanced healthcare diagnostics.</p>

Non-invasive glucose monitoring using PCA-enhanced quadring resonator sensor

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年4月8日

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P. Jeyakumar,
S. Vishwa,
B. Yuvaprabha

摘要

With the rising demand for non-invasive, continuous glucose monitoring systems, this work focuses on developing an accurate and efficient solution using a QuadRing-based resonator sensor. The ability to detect blood glucose levels without invasive techniques is crucial for managing diabetes and other health conditions. While several glucose sensors exist, many suffer from lower sensitivity, inaccurate readings due to environmental interference, or complex calibration requirements. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to design and test a QuadRing-based RF resonator sensor capable of detecting glucose levels with high sensitivity and accuracy using return loss shifts and dielectric characterization. Scattering parameters (S11) were measured, and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model was applied to improve the accuracy of glucose detection across various concentrations. Fabrication and return loss measurements were performed on physical phantoms, and the sensor’s performance was evaluated against simulated and measured results in an air medium. The sensor exhibited a relative sensitivity of 8.18%, with a high-quality factor ( $Q \ge 10$ $Q \geq 10$ ) ranging from $12.40$ $12.40$ at 70 mg/dL to $11.27$ $11.27$ at 130 mg/dL, demonstrating its ability to detect glucose concentration changes accurately. Return Loss shifts correlated well with increasing glucose levels from 70 to 130 mg/dL, with minimal deviations, indicating the sensor’s high sensitivity to dielectric property variations caused by glucose. This work represents a step forward in non-invasive glucose monitoring, offering a promising solution with higher sensitivity and accuracy. The sensor’s reliable performance could significantly improve diabetes management and lead to more advanced healthcare diagnostics.