Impact of Cu, Fe₂O₃, and Cu/Fe₂O₃ on the magnetic and structural characteristics of FeTiO₂ nanocomposite synthesized through mechanical alloying processes

The synthesis of Fe/TiO₂ nanocomposite soft magnetic materials, incorporating Cu, Fe₂O₃, and Cu/Fe₂O₃;, was achieved using the mechanical alloying technique. Advanced characterization methods, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), were employed for a comprehensive investigation of structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite at different synthesis stages. The crystallite size reaches its minimum value, while the lattice strain (ε) attains its maximum value in the FeCu/TiO₂ nanocomposite, measuring 26.85 nm and 0.35%, respectively. Coercivity, magnetic remanence, and squareness ratio of Fe/TiO₂ showed an upward trend with increasing milling time, reaching peak values after 5 h of milling. The FeTiO₂ nanocomposite achieved maximum values for coercivity, magnetic remanence, and saturation magnetization. Notably, the squareness ratio demonstrated notable values for both FeTiO₂ and FeCuTiO₂.