Structural, electrical and magnetic studies on CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) via sol–gel approach

A cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) nanoparticle is harvested through sol–gel method. The various percentage of PVP (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5%) was added to the initial solutions and is acted as a chelating agent. Through X-Ray diffraction examinations results confirmed the single phase CoFe₂O₄ and had bigger crystallite size. The functional analysis is found through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The optical analysis carried out through UV–visible spectrometer and a direct bandgap were determined. The surface features and its content of elements in the samples were found through scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive (EDAX) analysis. The detailed magnetic characteristics of the resulting sample were found through vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Through TG/DTA measurements the decompositions and anionic oxidation—reduction were analysed. The dielectric constant and related parameters with respect to applied frequency are discussed through LCR measurement. The electrochemical behavior of the samples was tested through cyclic voltameter setup. And finally concluded with the merits and demerits.