Green inspired synthesis of Sm₂O₃ nanoparticle and its Couroupita guianensis aubl leaf extract for potential biomedical application

The green synthesis of samarium oxide (Sm₂O₃) nanoparticles (NPs) was done by using Couroupita guianensis (C. guianensis) aubl leaf extract by the simple hydrothermal method. The crystallinity and morphology of the Sm₂O₃ NPs were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The average particle sizes of 50–70 nm was identified by SEM and TEM analyses. The various functional and phonon vibrations observed as Sm–O and CO–O⁻ were identified by FTIR and laser Raman spectroscopy respectively. The optical behavior of Sm₂O₃ NPs was characterized by UV–Vis and photoluminescence studies. The positive biological activities of Sm₂O₃ NPs were proven in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer studies.