Non-invasive detection of multiple analytes in dairy industry using heterogeneous ring resonating sensor

Dairy adulteration stances a serious health issue in infants and adults. Recently, non-invasive sensing through microwave resonating sensors has been identified as an indispensable solution for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) based Fifth-Generation (5G) networks to detect various analytes in the dairy industry. The design is based on a novel structured dual heterogeneous split ring resonator that is fabricated on a cost-effective flame-retardant substrate. The resonating structures are designed through a microstrip feed line on the top of the substrate. The ground plane is defective with dual ring and slot structures to obtain the desired resonating frequencies for milk, water, urea, detergent, and starch. The polyethylene terephthalate tube was placed in the center of the dual heterogeneous split ring resonator for testing the analyte with 1–4 μg/l of the test sample. Significant frequency shifts for various analytes are observed between 3 and 6 GHz based on the permittivity variations.