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<p>The phaseout in the use of oxybenzone, driven by concerns over its apparent toxicity to coral-reef ecosystems, has stimulated the search for non-toxic alternatives. For cnidarians such as corals and sea anemones, sunlight phototoxicity is relevant because their tissues are transparent, enabling photosynthesis by their algal symbionts but also harmful penetration by UV light. Previous research showed that cnidarian metabolism converts oxybenzone to oxybenzone-glucoside and higher-order conjugates that promote phototoxicity by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to UV light. Here, we demonstrate that two alternative sunscreen ingredients, dioxybenzone and avobenzone, are also phototoxic to anemones. Under full-spectrum light, 100% anemone mortality was observed within 13&#xa0;d with 0.88&#xa0;μM dioxybenzone and within 10&#xa0;d with 5&#xa0;μM avobenzone. Anemone mortality depended on illumination with full-spectrum light, indicating that phototoxicity is more important than other toxicity pathways. Unlike oxybenzone, dioxybenzone itself promoted ROS production. Like oxybenzone, dioxybenzone was converted to glucoside metabolites, which were more potent promoters of ROS production than dioxybenzone. Avobenzone itself was the most potent promoter of ROS production. However, its rapid photolysis to non-phototoxic&#xa0;products partially mitigated its phototoxicity. Identifying non-phototoxic sunscreen ingredients should help develop novel sunscreen formulations that are truly safe for corals.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Exposure of a sea anemone model for coral biology to the phototoxic sunscreen components dioxybenzone and avobenzone and their metabolites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Jiaming Lily Shi,
  • Djordje Vuckovic,
  • Geraldine L. Keat,
  • John R. Pringle,
  • William A. Mitch

摘要

The phaseout in the use of oxybenzone, driven by concerns over its apparent toxicity to coral-reef ecosystems, has stimulated the search for non-toxic alternatives. For cnidarians such as corals and sea anemones, sunlight phototoxicity is relevant because their tissues are transparent, enabling photosynthesis by their algal symbionts but also harmful penetration by UV light. Previous research showed that cnidarian metabolism converts oxybenzone to oxybenzone-glucoside and higher-order conjugates that promote phototoxicity by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to UV light. Here, we demonstrate that two alternative sunscreen ingredients, dioxybenzone and avobenzone, are also phototoxic to anemones. Under full-spectrum light, 100% anemone mortality was observed within 13 d with 0.88 μM dioxybenzone and within 10 d with 5 μM avobenzone. Anemone mortality depended on illumination with full-spectrum light, indicating that phototoxicity is more important than other toxicity pathways. Unlike oxybenzone, dioxybenzone itself promoted ROS production. Like oxybenzone, dioxybenzone was converted to glucoside metabolites, which were more potent promoters of ROS production than dioxybenzone. Avobenzone itself was the most potent promoter of ROS production. However, its rapid photolysis to non-phototoxic products partially mitigated its phototoxicity. Identifying non-phototoxic sunscreen ingredients should help develop novel sunscreen formulations that are truly safe for corals.

Graphical Abstract