Objectives Psychiatric diagnosis and fractal studies are complex processes that extend beyond clinical evaluation and require careful methodological considerations in neuroimaging. Over the years, fractals have helped reduce these complexities in research, but they still cannot grant clinical diagnoses. Thus, the main objective was a systematic review exploring the potential applications of fractal analysis in characterizing psychiatric conditions through neuroimaging techniques—including both functional and structural MRI. Materials and methods A systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, identifying thirty-nine original studies that met the inclusion criteria. Areas showing statistical significance (p < 0.05) were reported. These studies were categorized according to DSM-V classification and examined for the description of psychiatric conditions through the fractal analysis. Results The review primarily focuses on young adults with psychiatric conditions compared to control groups. Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder are major areas of investigation, and fractal dimension (FD) is the primary analysis method used to reflect brain patterns. Studies that calculated whole-brain FD may have underestimated local abnormalities due to the inclusion of a high percentage of tissue, potentially resulting in overlooked findings. Notably, abnormalities in the frontal cortex represent a common neurobiological feature across several psychiatric conditions. Conclusions The findings from this systematic review shed light on the use of fractal analysis to quantify complex brain patterns in both psychiatric patients and healthy individuals. However, it is essential to recognize the need for further research to elucidate a fractal analysis protocol that allows for optimal extraction of psychiatric insights. Key Points <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Question</Emphasis> Fractal analysis applied to structural and functional MRI help characterize brain alterations across psychiatric conditions. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Findings</Emphasis> This review shows consistent fractal patterns across multiple psychiatric disorders, especially in frontal regions. Despite heterogeneous methodologies, results highlight shared structural and functional abnormalities. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Clinical relevance</Emphasis> Fractal analysis may offer complementary characterization of subtle brain organization across psychiatric disorders. Its potential clinical utility—such as improving diagnostic characterization, earlier detection, among others—remains limited by the current absence of a standardized protocol. Graphical Abstract

Complexity in disguise: a systematic review of fractal analysis in psychiatric neuroimaging

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2026年5月26日

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Marta Reales-Moreno,
Alexandra Korda,
Stefan Borgwardt

摘要

Objectives

Psychiatric diagnosis and fractal studies are complex processes that extend beyond clinical evaluation and require careful methodological considerations in neuroimaging. Over the years, fractals have helped reduce these complexities in research, but they still cannot grant clinical diagnoses. Thus, the main objective was a systematic review exploring the potential applications of fractal analysis in characterizing psychiatric conditions through neuroimaging techniques—including both functional and structural MRI.

Materials and methods

A systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, identifying thirty-nine original studies that met the inclusion criteria. Areas showing statistical significance (p < 0.05) were reported. These studies were categorized according to DSM-V classification and examined for the description of psychiatric conditions through the fractal analysis.

Results

The review primarily focuses on young adults with psychiatric conditions compared to control groups. Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder are major areas of investigation, and fractal dimension (FD) is the primary analysis method used to reflect brain patterns. Studies that calculated whole-brain FD may have underestimated local abnormalities due to the inclusion of a high percentage of tissue, potentially resulting in overlooked findings. Notably, abnormalities in the frontal cortex represent a common neurobiological feature across several psychiatric conditions.

Conclusions

The findings from this systematic review shed light on the use of fractal analysis to quantify complex brain patterns in both psychiatric patients and healthy individuals. However, it is essential to recognize the need for further research to elucidate a fractal analysis protocol that allows for optimal extraction of psychiatric insights.

Key Points

Question Fractal analysis applied to structural and functional MRI help characterize brain alterations across psychiatric conditions.

Findings This review shows consistent fractal patterns across multiple psychiatric disorders, especially in frontal regions. Despite heterogeneous methodologies, results highlight shared structural and functional abnormalities.

Clinical relevance Fractal analysis may offer complementary characterization of subtle brain organization across psychiatric disorders. Its potential clinical utility—such as improving diagnostic characterization, earlier detection, among others—remains limited by the current absence of a standardized protocol.

Graphical Abstract