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Objectives <p>Besides clinical examination, cranial CT plays a critical role in diagnostics in neurosurgery. In trauma cases or perioperatively, having low-barrier access to CT-like imaging would be highly beneficial. Therefore, this feasibility study examines at an early stage if and how well synthetic cranial CT imaging can be generated from biplanar radiographs of adult neurosurgical patients using deep learning.</p> Materials and methods <p>Two 2D to 3D generative adversarial networks (GANs) were trained for the generation of synthetic cranial CTs using radiographs taken in two planes as input. Model 1 uses digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) as input, while model 2 was trained using real X-rays. In total, model 1 was trained and validated using 235 images from three separate centers. Model 2 was trained&#xa0;and tested using 1323 images from a single center.</p> Results <p>The performance of the model using DDRs as input reached a peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 15.61 and a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.782 during external validation. The second model, using real X-rays as input, attained a PSNR of 14.69 and an SSIM of 0.717 upon internal validation.</p> Conclusions <p>At the present stage, the synthetic cranial tomography scans generated as part of this study show promise but do not seamlessly correspond to ground-truth CTs. However, this proof-of-concept study is the first to derive such artificial cranial images using deep learning and can serve as a starting point for further investigation.</p> Key Points <p><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Question</Emphasis> <i>Cranial computed tomography involves radiation, logistical challenges, and access is limited in rural areas. Generating synthetic CT images with deep learning could address these challenges</i>.</p> <p><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Findings</Emphasis> <i>Two deep-learning models were trained to produce CT images from radiographs. Reconstruction from DRRs is promising, but using real X-rays remains more challenging</i>.</p> <p><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Clinical relevance</Emphasis> <i>As a proof-of-concept, the models’ exact clinical relevance remains to be defined. The proposed approach may broaden access to tomographic neuroimaging, reduce radiation, and enhance intraoperative and maybe even diagnostic support, potentially improving outcomes in neurosurgery and neuro-critical care</i>.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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TomoRay cranial: synthesis of cranial CT imaging from biplanar radiographs using a generative adversarial network

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Olivier Zanier,
  • Seungjun Ryu,
  • Raffaele Da Mutten,
  • Sven Theiler,
  • Alessandro Carretta,
  • Giorgio Palandri,
  • Diego Mazzatenta,
  • Luca Regli,
  • Carlo Serra,
  • Victor E. Staartjes

摘要

Objectives

Besides clinical examination, cranial CT plays a critical role in diagnostics in neurosurgery. In trauma cases or perioperatively, having low-barrier access to CT-like imaging would be highly beneficial. Therefore, this feasibility study examines at an early stage if and how well synthetic cranial CT imaging can be generated from biplanar radiographs of adult neurosurgical patients using deep learning.

Materials and methods

Two 2D to 3D generative adversarial networks (GANs) were trained for the generation of synthetic cranial CTs using radiographs taken in two planes as input. Model 1 uses digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) as input, while model 2 was trained using real X-rays. In total, model 1 was trained and validated using 235 images from three separate centers. Model 2 was trained and tested using 1323 images from a single center.

Results

The performance of the model using DDRs as input reached a peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 15.61 and a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.782 during external validation. The second model, using real X-rays as input, attained a PSNR of 14.69 and an SSIM of 0.717 upon internal validation.

Conclusions

At the present stage, the synthetic cranial tomography scans generated as part of this study show promise but do not seamlessly correspond to ground-truth CTs. However, this proof-of-concept study is the first to derive such artificial cranial images using deep learning and can serve as a starting point for further investigation.

Key Points

Question Cranial computed tomography involves radiation, logistical challenges, and access is limited in rural areas. Generating synthetic CT images with deep learning could address these challenges.

Findings Two deep-learning models were trained to produce CT images from radiographs. Reconstruction from DRRs is promising, but using real X-rays remains more challenging.

Clinical relevance As a proof-of-concept, the models’ exact clinical relevance remains to be defined. The proposed approach may broaden access to tomographic neuroimaging, reduce radiation, and enhance intraoperative and maybe even diagnostic support, potentially improving outcomes in neurosurgery and neuro-critical care.

Graphical Abstract