Extralimital records of Antarctic seals in South America
摘要
This study examines the extralimital movements of Antarctic seals reaching South America. Through the analysis of records (laboratory databases, published and web sources), we explore the geographic distribution, frequency of each seal species through time and annually, and abundance. The presence of Antarctic seals in South America represents a biologically and ecologically significant phenomenon, with an increasing frequency of documented records in recent decades. This growing pattern of occurrence emphasizes the high dispersal capabilities and extralimital presence of these species, which may be driven by behavioral and ecological differences rather than population abundance. The presence of Antarctic seals raises important considerations for the management of pinniped populations in South America. One critical concern is the potential for pathogen transmission, particularly in the context of emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza (HPAI), which has recently affected pinnipeds worldwide. Changes in oceanographic conditions, sea ice dynamics, and prey availability due to climate change may alter the non-breeding distribution of Antarctic seals, potentially increasing their contact with South America. Such changes could increase the frequency of occurrences of Antarctic pinnipeds in temperate zones, with broader implications for local food webs, competition, and ecosystem health. The records summarized in this work provide the first comprehensive picture of Antarctic seals in South America and serve as a critical reference point for future studies of spatial and temporal distributions of Antarctic seals. Our contribution also makes this knowledge more accessible for Antarctic seal conservation efforts.