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Key message <p><b>Plant growth regulators (IAA and MT) enhance phytoextraction of cadmium and chromium in king grass by boosting plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and upregulating key enzymes, leading to improved metal accumulation and soil remediation efficiency.</b></p> Abstract <p>Heavy metal contamination, particularly cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr), threatens global soil health and food security. This study evaluated the role of eight plant growth regulators (PGRs) including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), melatonin (MT), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CKS), ethylene (ETH), strigolactones (SL), and salicylic acid (SA) in enhancing phytoextraction by king grass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> × <i>P</i>. <i>americanum</i>) across low (LP) and high-pollution (HP) soils. PGRs (0.2&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>) were foliar-sprayed (5&#xa0;mL pot<sup>−1</sup>) on king grass planted in LP and HP soil after every 10&#xa0;days starting 40&#xa0;days post-transplantation in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested after 90&#xa0;days of transplanting to assess the plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities and phytoremediation efficiency of king grass. Foliar PGR application increased biomass (IAA: 23.49% DW in LP soil; MT: 41% DW in HP soil) and photosynthetic pigments while reducing oxidative stress markers (MDA: 36.20%, H₂O₂: 30.92% with IAA). Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX) were upregulated by 20–40%, correlating with enhanced Cd/Cr accumulation (IAA: 121% Cd, 82.08% Cr in shoots; MT: 49.72% Cd in HP soil). Remediation efficiency peaked with IAA (10.30% Cd-RE, 17.49% Cr-RE in LP) and ABA (7.20% Cd-RE in HP), demonstrating soil-specific PGR optimization. These findings establish MT and IAA as keystones for sustainable phytoremediation, aligning with global soil health initiatives.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing phytoextraction efficiency of king grass through foliar application of plant growth regulators under cadmium and chromium stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Muhammad Mohsin Altaf,
  • Xuezhi Dong,
  • Meng Wang,
  • Xiaoyan Sun,
  • Dong Li,
  • Zhiqiang Zhu

摘要

Key message

Plant growth regulators (IAA and MT) enhance phytoextraction of cadmium and chromium in king grass by boosting plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and upregulating key enzymes, leading to improved metal accumulation and soil remediation efficiency.

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination, particularly cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr), threatens global soil health and food security. This study evaluated the role of eight plant growth regulators (PGRs) including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), melatonin (MT), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CKS), ethylene (ETH), strigolactones (SL), and salicylic acid (SA) in enhancing phytoextraction by king grass (Pennisetum purpureum × P. americanum) across low (LP) and high-pollution (HP) soils. PGRs (0.2 mg L−1) were foliar-sprayed (5 mL pot−1) on king grass planted in LP and HP soil after every 10 days starting 40 days post-transplantation in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested after 90 days of transplanting to assess the plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities and phytoremediation efficiency of king grass. Foliar PGR application increased biomass (IAA: 23.49% DW in LP soil; MT: 41% DW in HP soil) and photosynthetic pigments while reducing oxidative stress markers (MDA: 36.20%, H₂O₂: 30.92% with IAA). Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX) were upregulated by 20–40%, correlating with enhanced Cd/Cr accumulation (IAA: 121% Cd, 82.08% Cr in shoots; MT: 49.72% Cd in HP soil). Remediation efficiency peaked with IAA (10.30% Cd-RE, 17.49% Cr-RE in LP) and ABA (7.20% Cd-RE in HP), demonstrating soil-specific PGR optimization. These findings establish MT and IAA as keystones for sustainable phytoremediation, aligning with global soil health initiatives.

Graphical abstract