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Key message <p><b>Elucidates</b><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic"> L. chinensis</Emphasis><b> grazing tolerance mechanisms involving the antioxidant system, flavonoid-auxin pathways and LcARF genes.</b></p> Abstract <p>As a crucial forage species, <i>Leymus chinensis</i> contributes significantly to sustainable livestock production and ecological balance. Understanding its response to animal feeding provides a theoretical foundation for forage improvement and ecosystem conservation. In this study, a combination of clipping and simulated animal saliva application was employed to mimic natural grazing. An integrated approach, incorporating transcriptomics, metabolomics, physiological measurements, and bioinformatics analysis, was used to decipher the molecular regulatory network underlying the response of <i>L. chinensis</i> to animal feeding stress. Physiologically, animal saliva reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation by enhancing the synergistic activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), boosting stress tolerance and recovery. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated corresponding changes in the expression patterns of the genes encoding these enzymes. Multi-omics analysis indicated that <i>L. chinensis</i> primarily responds to animal feeding stress through the flavonoid biosynthesis and auxin signaling pathways, involving 20 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and 10 key genes implicated in flavonoid metabolic regulation. Within the auxin signaling pathway, the <i>ARF</i> gene family exhibited the most pronounced changes, reflecting its central role in the stress response. Bioinformatics analysis identified 40 <i>ARF</i> genes in <i>L. chinensis</i>, which are characterized by a conserved gene family structure and promoter regions rich in hormone-responsive elements, further supporting their critical function in the animal feeding stress response of <i>L. chinensis</i>. These results elucidate molecular mechanisms of grazing response in <i>L. chinensis</i>, offer insights into plant–herbivore coevolution, and provide a basis for future functional studies of the <i>LcARF</i> gene family.</p>

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Construction of a flavonoid transcriptional-metabolic network and analysis of auxin signaling activation in Leymus chinensis in response to animal feeding

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月5日

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  • Bo Lei,
  • Haiyan Li,
  • Xinyue Xu,
  • Siyu Tao,
  • Yue Liu,
  • Tao Sun,
  • Yingjie Yu

摘要

Key message

Elucidates L. chinensis grazing tolerance mechanisms involving the antioxidant system, flavonoid-auxin pathways and LcARF genes.

Abstract

As a crucial forage species, Leymus chinensis contributes significantly to sustainable livestock production and ecological balance. Understanding its response to animal feeding provides a theoretical foundation for forage improvement and ecosystem conservation. In this study, a combination of clipping and simulated animal saliva application was employed to mimic natural grazing. An integrated approach, incorporating transcriptomics, metabolomics, physiological measurements, and bioinformatics analysis, was used to decipher the molecular regulatory network underlying the response of L. chinensis to animal feeding stress. Physiologically, animal saliva reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation by enhancing the synergistic activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), boosting stress tolerance and recovery. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated corresponding changes in the expression patterns of the genes encoding these enzymes. Multi-omics analysis indicated that L. chinensis primarily responds to animal feeding stress through the flavonoid biosynthesis and auxin signaling pathways, involving 20 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and 10 key genes implicated in flavonoid metabolic regulation. Within the auxin signaling pathway, the ARF gene family exhibited the most pronounced changes, reflecting its central role in the stress response. Bioinformatics analysis identified 40 ARF genes in L. chinensis, which are characterized by a conserved gene family structure and promoter regions rich in hormone-responsive elements, further supporting their critical function in the animal feeding stress response of L. chinensis. These results elucidate molecular mechanisms of grazing response in L. chinensis, offer insights into plant–herbivore coevolution, and provide a basis for future functional studies of the LcARF gene family.