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Key message <p><b>The study identified and characterized </b><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">FtsH</Emphasis><b> gene family in </b><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Setaria italica</Emphasis><b>, where a comparative analysis with </b><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis><b> revealed a conservation of expression patterns and functioning of specific FtsH proteases under heat and high&#xa0;light stress.</b></p> Abstract <p>The filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) metalloproteases maintain proteostasis in chloroplasts and mitochondria under both normal and stress conditions. Here, we compared the specificity of FtsH proteases to heat (HS) and high light (HL) stress (HLS) in C3 model plant <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and an important C4 model crop with high nutritional value, <i>Setaria italica</i>. We identified 9 <i>FtsH</i> genes representing all homologs of functional <i>AtFtsH</i> genes, except for the homologs of <i>AtFtsH12</i> in <i>S. italica</i>. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed a significant enrichment towards the photosynthetic process. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of <i>cis</i>-elements responsive to HL and HS. Interestingly, only selective genes encoding photosystem (PS) II-repairing <i>FtsHs</i> (<i>AtFtsH1</i>, <i>AtFtsH2</i>, <i>AtFtsH5,</i> and <i>AtFtsH8</i>), and <i>FtsHs</i> involved in PSII biogenesis and protein import regulation (<i>AtFtsH4</i> and <i>AtFtsH11</i>, respectively), and their homologs in <i>S. italica</i>, showed transcriptional upregulation in response to HL, revealing their conserved function under photoinhibitory stresses, which is further reinforced by a rapid induction of FtsH2 and concurrent degradation of PSII reaction center proteins (D1 and D2). On the contrary, almost all <i>FtsH</i> genes were upregulated in response to elevated temperature, establishing their critical and conserved function in maintaining chloroplast proteostasis under HS. <i>At</i>FtsH6 and its homolog, <i>Si</i>FtsH4, showed a marked induction in both transcript and protein levels with concurrent degradation of PSII-LHC proteins upon elevated temperatures, indicating their possible role in PSII-LHC proteostasis under HS. In summary, this study highlights the specificity of FtsHs in maintaining proteostasis under HS and HLS conditions in C3 and C4 plants.</p>

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Comparative genome-wide analysis in Setaria italica and Arabidopsis thaliana revealed functional conservation of specific FtsH proteases under high light and heat stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Dipanshu Ghosh,
  • Sapna Thakur,
  • Shagun Bali,
  • Saurav Sharma,
  • Vivek Dogra

摘要

Key message

The study identified and characterized FtsH gene family in Setaria italica, where a comparative analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana revealed a conservation of expression patterns and functioning of specific FtsH proteases under heat and high light stress.

Abstract

The filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) metalloproteases maintain proteostasis in chloroplasts and mitochondria under both normal and stress conditions. Here, we compared the specificity of FtsH proteases to heat (HS) and high light (HL) stress (HLS) in C3 model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and an important C4 model crop with high nutritional value, Setaria italica. We identified 9 FtsH genes representing all homologs of functional AtFtsH genes, except for the homologs of AtFtsH12 in S. italica. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed a significant enrichment towards the photosynthetic process. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of cis-elements responsive to HL and HS. Interestingly, only selective genes encoding photosystem (PS) II-repairing FtsHs (AtFtsH1, AtFtsH2, AtFtsH5, and AtFtsH8), and FtsHs involved in PSII biogenesis and protein import regulation (AtFtsH4 and AtFtsH11, respectively), and their homologs in S. italica, showed transcriptional upregulation in response to HL, revealing their conserved function under photoinhibitory stresses, which is further reinforced by a rapid induction of FtsH2 and concurrent degradation of PSII reaction center proteins (D1 and D2). On the contrary, almost all FtsH genes were upregulated in response to elevated temperature, establishing their critical and conserved function in maintaining chloroplast proteostasis under HS. AtFtsH6 and its homolog, SiFtsH4, showed a marked induction in both transcript and protein levels with concurrent degradation of PSII-LHC proteins upon elevated temperatures, indicating their possible role in PSII-LHC proteostasis under HS. In summary, this study highlights the specificity of FtsHs in maintaining proteostasis under HS and HLS conditions in C3 and C4 plants.