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<p>Sustainable yard retrofitting and equipment deployment are increasingly critical in port operations due to rising concerns over carbon emissions and energy inefficiency. Existing studies typically assume fixed crane configurations and focus narrowly on emission reduction, often neglecting energy efficiency and the integration of advanced crane technologies. Therefore, we formulate a mixed-integer programming model that minimizes total retrofitting and operational costs while incorporating carbon and energy constraints. To solve this problem, we propose a solution framework that combines adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) with constraint programming (CP). Computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in generating cost-efficient, environmentally compliant deployment strategies. The results offer structured guidance for sustainable yard transformation under Production-While-Transformation (PWT) settings, where retrofitting must proceed without disrupting ongoing operations.</p>

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Production-while-transformation optimization for container yard operations in traditional terminals

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Yi Ding,
  • Youxuan Pan,
  • Kaimin Chen,
  • Xiazhong Chen,
  • Jia Liu

摘要

Sustainable yard retrofitting and equipment deployment are increasingly critical in port operations due to rising concerns over carbon emissions and energy inefficiency. Existing studies typically assume fixed crane configurations and focus narrowly on emission reduction, often neglecting energy efficiency and the integration of advanced crane technologies. Therefore, we formulate a mixed-integer programming model that minimizes total retrofitting and operational costs while incorporating carbon and energy constraints. To solve this problem, we propose a solution framework that combines adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) with constraint programming (CP). Computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in generating cost-efficient, environmentally compliant deployment strategies. The results offer structured guidance for sustainable yard transformation under Production-While-Transformation (PWT) settings, where retrofitting must proceed without disrupting ongoing operations.